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Ðcomes€to€you,€and€attorney€admitted€to€practice€in€Maryland,€for€representation.€€He€informs€youÐ *$z" Ðthat€she€is€going€to€testify€against€him€if€they€are€tried€together€in€exchange€for€a€dismissal€of€anyÐ %g # Ðcharges€against€her€relating€to€the€marijuana.Ð &T!$ ÐÌÓ€ C(5h83FÓÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  Ýò òÖ€kÿÿÖà  àÝ‚D3£s ÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWith€what€crimes€might€Bob€be€charged€and€what€facts€would€the€State€useÐ Þ'.#& Ðto€substantiate€each€charge?݃D3£s Ä ÝŒÐË($'` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚D3£ÚÝÔ25hÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝAs€Bobððs€attorney,€what€action€would€you€take€on€his€behalf?ó ó݃D3£Ú݌Х*õ%)` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ#†9X¼aXXEXï¯#ÔÐ ’+â&* ÐÔ& Ì ÔÓ0°°ìpÈ xÐ °œX0ÓàQ@@4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ ° ÐÓH.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ì…XHÓÔ'̰)ÔÌÔ& 0 Ôà  àThe€crimes€that€Bob€could€be€charged€with€are:Ð |Ì ÐÌò ò1a.à  àConspiracyó ó€€€The€State€would€argue€that€Bob€&€Joe€had€entered€into€an€agreement,€hadÐ H˜ Ðthe€intent€to€agree,€and€the€intent€to€commit€an€unlawful€act€(the€robbery€of€the€corner€liquorÐ . ~ Ðstore).€€Even€though€Maryland€doesn't€require€an€overt€act,€the€fact€that€the€liquor€store€wasÐ  d Ðindeed€robbed€would€suffice.€€There€was€obviously€an€agreement€when€Bob€asked€Joe€if€heÐ ú J Ðwanted€to€rob€the€store€and€Joe€agreed.€€All€conspirators€are€liable€for€the€crimes€committed€inÐ à 0 Ðfurtherance€of€the€conspiracy€in€that€is€foreseeable.Ô'0|ÔÐ Æ   Ðà  àÌò òB.à  àRobberyó ó€€Ô& F Ô€Under€common€law,€robbery€is€an€assault€plus€larceny,€while€using€threats€toÐ ’â  Ðtake€from€the€person.€€Maryland€utilized€aggravating€and€unaggravating€degrees.€€A€BB€gun€isÐ xÈ  Ðnot€a€dangerous€weapon€purse,€but€since€it€was€an€exact€replica€of€a€9„MM€pistol.€€Perhaps€theÐ ^®  Ðstate€would€argue€that€of€a€handgun€to€charge€Bob€with€aggravated€robbery.€€There€wasÐ D”  Ðobviously€a€threat€to€inflict€immediate€injury€on€the€clerk€and€the€threat€of€force€upon€the€clerkÐ *z  Ðto€take€and€carry€away€the€personal€property€of€the€store€with€the€intent€to€deprive€the€storeÐ ` Ðthereof.€€The€clerk€obviously€felt€apprehensive€since€he€immediately€turned€over€the€contents€ofÐ öF Ðthe€register.Ð Ü, Ðà  àÌò òC.à  àTheftó ó€€€(Joe)€attempted€theft€of€the€candy€and€2€cartons€of€cigarettes.€€An€attempt€is€theÐ ¨ø Ðintent€to€commit€the€underlying€crime€(here,€theft)€plus€the€taking€of€a€substantial€step.€€Here,Ð ŽÞ ÐJoe€took€the€candy€and€2€cartons.€€The€facts€are€unclear€as€to€whether€Joe€actually€took€the€itemsÐ tÄ Ðand€carried€them€away€before€he€was€shot.€€If€he€did,€it€would€be€theft€(a€misdemeanor€since€theÐ Zª Ðitems€are€under€$500.00).€€If€not,€it€could€be€attempted€theft.€€Under€either€scenario,€Bob€couldÐ @ Ðbe€charged€for€Joe's€theft€or€attempted€theft€since€it€was€done€as€a€foreseeable€event€of€theÐ &v ÐConspiracy.€€All€co„felons,€under€an€agency€theory,€are€liable€for€the€acts€of€the€other€co„felonsÐ  \ Ðthat€are€foreseeable€or€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy.Ô'F’/ÔÐ òB ÐÔ& È Ôâ âÓ?+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °XX?ÓÝ‚$ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓB.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ŒXBÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÝ‚$ÿÿÿsÝÝ  Ýà  à݃$ÿÿsû݌̌Ô€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÑ  ÑÓ °°ŒX°XXÓÝ  Ýà  àBob€could€be€charged€with€theft€of€the€cigarettes€since€he€picked€them€up€and€carriedÐ ¾ Ðthem€away€with€the€intent€to€deprive€the€store€of€them€permanently.€€Again,€this€would€be€aÐ ¤ô Ðmisdemeanor€since€the€theft€of€the€cigarettes€is€under€$500.00.Ð Š Ú Ðà  àÌò òD.à  àFelony€Murder€of€Joeó ó€€€Felony€murder€in€Maryland€is€murder€in€the€first€degree.€Ð V"¦! ÐHowever,€Maryland€typically€doesn't€hold€a€felon€liable€for€deaths€caused€by€non„co€felonsÐ <#Œ" Ð(here,€the€store€clerk€pulled€his€own€gun€and€fired€at€Bob,€but€struck€Joe).€€Maryland€uses€anÐ "$r# Ðagency€theory€€€BUT€€€under€the€common€law,€Bob€could€be€liable€for€the€death€of€Joe,€a€co„Ð %X $ Ðfelon,€since€it€is€foreseeable€that€a€victim€might€try€to€defend€himself€from€a€robbery€for€whichÐ î%>!% Ðthe€victim€reasonably€believed€the€gun€was€real.€€However,€in€these€facts,€the€clerk€realized€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðâ âgun€was€a€fake.Ô'È ØÔÐ º' #' Ðò òE.à  àAssault€and€Battery€of€Clerkó ó€€Ô& â Ôâ ââ ââ ââ ââ â€This€is€not€as€strong€of€a€charge.€€It€appears€BobÐ ° Ðaccidentally€struck€the€clerk€with€the€discharge€of€the€BB€gun.€€It€could€be€argued€that€he€did€notÐ –æ Ðhave€the€intent€to€inflict€injury€on€the€clerk€since€he€was€only€using€a€BB€gun.€€However,€a€BBÐ |Ì Ðgun€is€capable€of€the€infliction€of€a€harmful€offensive€contact€upon€another.€€Plus,€this€chargeÐ b² Ðwould€be€merged€in€with€the€robbery€since€it's€a€lesser€included€offense.Ð H˜ ÐÌÓ€ H(š½88CÓØ! !Øò òF.à  àPossession€of€a€Controlled€Substance€Possession€with€the€Intent€to€Distributeó ó€€€TheÐ  d Ðcops€found€the€marijuana€in€an€areas€where€Bob€lived.€€Therefore,€an€assumption€can€be€madeÐ ú J Ðthat€it€was€his.€€Also€in€Maryland,€no€minimum€amount€of€drugs€is€needed€to€charge€a€defendantÐ à 0 Ðwith€the€intent€to€distribute.€€The€state€would€argue€that€since€there€was€such€a€large€quantity€€ofÐ Æ   Ðmarijuana,€Bob€should€be€charged€with€both€crimes.Ô'â °!ÔÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌò ò2.ó óà  àAs€BobððÔ& d Ôs€attorney,€I€could€try€to€argue€that€the€police€engaged€in€an€unlawful€search.€€Ð xÈ  ÐBob€had€a€4òòthóó€amendment€right€of€privacy€in€his€room€(where€he€lived)€at€the€motel.€€The€copsÐ ^®  Ðwere€making€a€routine€visit€and€Bob€did€consent€into€letting€the€police€enter€and€search€theÐ D”  Ðroom.€€Bob€could€have€said€no€and€made€the€cops€obtain€a€valid€warrant.€€Since€Bob€did€not,€aÐ *z  Ðmotion€to€suppress€the€marijuana€and€the€gun€will€more€likely€than€not€be€denied.Ð ` ÐÔ'dx>&ÔÌAnother€motion€I€could€make€would€be€to€have€Marjorie€and€Bob€tried€separately€to€ensure€heÐ Ü, Ðreceives€a€fair€trial.€€This€motion€could€be€sustained€if€I€can€make€a€good€argument€that€BobÐ Â Ðcould€not€receive€a€fair€trial.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà@@@4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ tÄ ÐÓB.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ŒXBÓÌà  àBob€may€be€charged,€but€not€necessarily€convicted€of€the€following:Ð @ ÐÌò ò1a.ó óà  àò òSolicitationó ó€€€encouraging€another€to€commit€a€crime€with€the€intent€that€they€actually€doÐ  \ Ðso.€€Here,€Bob€asked€if€he€wanted€to€make€a€quick€buck€by€robbing€the€liquor€store.Ð òB Ðà  àÌò òB.ó óà  àò òConspiracyó ó€€€when€two€or€more€people€agree€to€commit€a€crime.€€Here,€Bob€and€JoeÐ ¾ Ðagreed€to€rob€the€store.Ð ¤ô ÐÌò òC.à  àWeapons€Chargeó ó€€€wearing,€carrying€or€concealing€weapons€with€intent€to€cause€injury.€Ð p!À  ÐHere,€Bob€had€a€BB€pistol.Ð V"¦! ÐÌò òD.à  àReckless€endangermentó ó€€€indulging€in€activity€likely€to€cause€harm€or€serious€bodilyÐ "$r# Ðinjury.€€Here,€Bob€(B)€and€Joe€(J)€used€a€BB€pistol€which€looked€like€a€9„MM€gun€to€rob€a€store.Ð %X $ ÐÌò òE.à  àAssault€Second€Degreeó ó€€€placing€someone€in€fear€of€an€imminent€battery€or€assault.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐHere,€Bob€pointed€a€BB€pistol€at€the€store€clerk,€who€had€no€way€of€knowing€it€was€just€a€BBÐ º' #' Ðgun€and€not€really€the€9„MM€gun€it€resembled.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌò òF.ó óà  àò òAssault€First€Degreeó ó€€€see€assault€above,€placing€one€in€fear€of€serious€bodily€injury.€Ð l*¼%* ÐHere,€see€facts€above,€Bob's€use€of€pistol.€€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðò òG.à  àTheftó ó€€€the€trespassory€taking€of€the€possession€of€another€with€the€intent€to€permanentlyÐ ° Ðdeprive.€€Here,€Bob€and€Joe€planned€to€take€the€cash€and€candy€and€cigarettes€with€no€intentionÐ –æ Ðof€returning€it.Ð |Ì ÐÌò òH.à  àRobberyó ó€€€theft€(see€definition€above)€by€force.€€Here,€Bob€and€Joe€threatened€the€storeÐ H˜ Ðclerk€with€the€gun€to€make€him€turn€over€the€money€in€the€register.Ð . ~ ÐÌò òI.à  àRobbery€with€a€Deadly€Weaponó ó€€€see€robbery€definition€above€and€note€use€of€a€pistolÐ ú J Ðto€force€cashier's€compliance€in€this€fact€pattern.Ð à 0 ÐÌò òJ.à  àHandgun€Possessionó ó€€€possession€of€an€operable€handgun€in€the€commission€of€a€felony.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐHere,€Bob€and€Joe€use€a€BB€pistol€(which€is€not€really€considered€a€handgun€as€it€does€not€useÐ ’â  Ðgunpowder€to€fire/discharge).Ð xÈ  ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àAttempt€crimes€for€all€the€above„listed€offenses€would€be€charged,€but€may€merge€intoÐ D”  Ðthe€completed€crime.€€Ð *z  ÐÑ  ÑÌà  àPossession€of€controlled€dangerous€substance,€and€possession€with€the€intent€to€distributeÐ öF Ðcontrolled€dangerous€substance.€€Here,€large€quantity€of€marijuana€was€found€in€Bob's€home.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àFelony€Murder:€death€that€occurs€during€the€commission€of€a€felony.€€Here,€Joe€wasÐ ¨ø Ðkilled€during€the€robbery.€€(However,€since€the€clerk€was€not€an€agent€of€the€felons,€the€murderÐ ŽÞ Ðwill€not€be€imputed€to€Bob€and€will€be€a€justified€homicide€on€the€part€of€the€store€clerk).Ð tÄ ÐÌò ò2.ó óà  àAs€Bob's€attorney,€I€would€try€to€challenge€the€arrest,€search€and€seizure€at€his€homeÐ @ Ðwithout€a€warrant.€€The€fourth€amendment,€imputed€to€the€states€by€the€14òòthóó€amendment€Ð &v Ðprohibits€warrantless€arrests€with€limited€exceptions€the€police€had€no€probable€cause,€norÐ  \ Ðreasonable€and€articulable€suspicion€to€go€to€Bobððs€door.€€This€invalidates€them€approaching€Ð òB ÐÑ  Ñhim€without€a€warrant€in€his€home€where€he€has€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy.€€I€wouldÐ Ø( Ðfile€a€motion€to€suppress€the€evidence€procured€from€the€home€under€the€exclusionary€rule€as€aÐ ¾ Ðfruit€of€the€poisonous€tress.€€I€would€file€a€motion€to€sever€his€trial€from€Marjorie's€trial.Ð ¤ô ÐÐ  Š Ú ÐÑ  ÑÓ0°°ìpÈ xÐ °XX0ÓàQ’’:ìàò òQUESTION€2ó óˆÐ ° ÐÓH.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ì…XHÓÌà  àJohn€and€Jocelyn€were€married€in€1992.€€They€were€college€sweethearts.€€AfterÐ |Ì Ðgraduation,€John€obtained€a€job€as€an€architect€with€an€annual€salary€of€$60,000.€€In€less€thanÐ b² Ðfive€(5)€years,€he€had€become€a€partner€with€an€annual€income€of€$285,000.€€Jocelyn€graduatedÐ H˜ Ðform€college€in€1994€with€a€degree€in€accounting.€€Soon€after€graduation,€she€became€pregnantÐ . ~ Ðwith€their€first€child,€Kristin,€who€was€born€in€December€of€1995.€€The€couple€had€two€moreÐ  d Ðchildren,€John€Jr.,€age€two€years,€and€Linda,€age€3€months.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àAlthough€Jocelyn€had€a€degree€in€accounting,€she€worked€outside€the€home€less€than€oneÐ Æ   Ðyear.€€In€addition€to€Johnððs€talent€as€an€architect,€he€also€earned€additional€income€as€a€skiÐ ¬ ü  Ðinstructor€and€was€an€avid€skier.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àWhile€he€was€a€way€on€one€of€his€ski€trips,€Jocelyn€happened€to€review€the€familyððsÐ ^®  Ðfinancial€records.€€She€found€that€a€large€sum€of€money€was€not€accounted€for€by€their€normalÐ D”  Ðspending.€€She€also€found€many€purchases€of€which€she€had€not€previously€been€aware.€€SheÐ *z  Ðbecame€suspicious€of€all€of€Johnððs€ski€trips€and€suspected€that€he€was€having€an€affair.€€When€heÐ ` Ðreturned€from€the€latest€trip,€they€began€to€argue€constantly,€and€John€began€to€spend€more€timeÐ öF Ðaway€from€home.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àKristin,€the€oldest€daughter€attends€a€private€school€with€a€tuition€of€$12,000€annually.€Ð ¨ø ÐJocelyn€employs€a€nanny€to€help€her€with€the€children€at€a€cost€of€$35,000€annually.€€She€hadÐ ŽÞ Ðcomplications€with€the€delivery€of€her€youngest€child,€and€the€health€insurance€did€not€cover€allÐ tÄ Ðof€the€cost.€€There€is€an€outstanding€bill€of€about€$25,000.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àJohn€believes€that€he€has€taken€good€care€of€the€family€financially.€€He€has€paid€all€of€theÐ &v Ðbills€during€the€marriage.€€The€parties€now€argue€constantly.€€He€loves€his€children,€but€he€doesÐ  \ Ðnot€believe€that€his€marriage€is€worth€saving.Ð òB ÐÌà  àJohn€wishes€to€move€out€of€the€marital€home€and€comes€to€your€seeking€adviceÐ ¾ Ðconcerning€the€legal€and€economic€consequences€if€eh€were€to€do€so.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àò òWhat€advice€would€you,€an€attorney€admitted€to€practice€in€Maryland,€give€him?Ð p!À  Ðó óÌÓ0°°ìpÈ xÐ °XX0ÓàQ@@4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ <#Œ" ÐÓH.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ì…XHÓÌà  àFirst,€I€would€inform€him€that€leaving€the€house€would€be€considered€desertion€and€if€heÐ %X $ Ðwas€gone€for€12€months€or€more€€his€wife€could€file€for€a€fault„based€absolute€divorce€claimingÐ î%>!% Ðdesertion.€€Next,€I€would€inform€him€that€any€claim€of€adultery€by€his€wife€would€probably€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðstand€since€she€has€no€corroboration€and€because€by€continuing€to€live€with€him€after€suspectingÐ º' #' Ðit€he€has€the€defense€of€condemnation.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àIf€he€wished€to€move€out€but€not€get€an€absolute€divorce,€he€could€file€for€a€limitedÐ l*¼%* Ðdivorce,€which€has€the€same€financial€consequences,€but€are€still€considered€to€be€married.€€ThisÐ R+¢&+ Ðwould€not€allow€him€to€remarry.Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àDuring€the€divorce€process,€he€would€be€required€to€provide€his€wife€and€children€withÐ ° Ðpendente€lite€alimony€and€pendente€lite€child€support€since€the€wife€does€not€currently€workÐ –æ Ðoutside€the€home.Ð |Ì ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àUpon€divorce,€he€would€be€required€to€provide€his€wife€with€rehabilitative€(temporary)Ð H˜ Ðalimony,€since€she€has€a€degree€and€could€work€outside€the€home.€€When€deciding€the€amount€ofÐ . ~ Ðalimony€the€court€would€look€to€the€reason€for€divorce,€the€income€of€the€parties€and€the€age€ofÐ  d Ðthe€parties.€€He€and€his€wife€would€also€have€to€decide€on€custody€of€the€children.€€In€this€case,Ð ú J Ðthe€wife€would€probably€keep€custody€since€she€was€the€primary€care€giver.€€Custody€is€alsoÐ à 0 Ðdetermined€by€the€age€and€health€of€the€parties,€the€best€interests€of€the€child€and€if€they€are€oldÐ Æ   Ðenough€(here€it€probably€would€not€be€a€factor),€the€request€of€the€children.€€John€would€beÐ ¬ ü  Ðgranted€liberal€visitation€and€would€have€to€pay€child€support.€€The€amount€would€be€determinedÐ ’â  Ðby€the€court€since€the€salary€is€over€$150,000.00.€€In€deciding€the€amount,€the€court€would€lookÐ xÈ  Ðto€the€couples€€respective€incomes€and€the€amount€of€visitation€that€John€is€granted.€€John€wouldÐ ^®  Ðalso€have€to€pay€half€of€Kristin's€school€tuition€and€half€of€the€cost€of€the€nanny.Ð D”  ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àJocelyn€would€be€granted€use€of€the€marital€home€for€three€years€since€she€will€haveÐ ` Ðcustody€of€the€children.Ð öF ÐÌà  àAs€for€their€property,€the€court€would€divide€the€property€into€three€piles,€his,€hers€andÐ Â Ðtheirs.€€Non„marital€property€is€any€thing€acquired€before€the€marriage,€by€gift,€or€inheritance,€orÐ ¨ø Ðwith€proceeds€of€inheritance.€€On€finding€the€marital€property€the€court€will€divide€the€propertyÐ ŽÞ Ðequitably€considering€amount€of€incomes,€amount€of€alimony,€equity€and€fault€of€divorce.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àJohn€will€also€be€required€to€pay€half,€if€not€more,€of€the€$25,000.00€bill€to€the€hospitalÐ @ Ðbecause€it€occurred€while€married.Ð &v ÐÌÑ  ÑÓ0°°ìpÈ xÐ °XX0ÓàQ@@4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ òB ÐÓH.°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °°ì…XHÓÌà  àI€would€advise€John€that€he€may€seek€a€limited€divorce.€€I€would€advise€him€that€thisÐ ¾ Ðwould€require€a€one„year€separation€from€Jocelyn.€€This€would€give€him€time€to€consider€anÐ ¤ô Ðabsolute€divorce.Ð Š Ú ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àI€would€advise€John€that€Maryland€is€an€equitable€property€distribution€state€and€thisÐ V"¦! Ðwould€be€particularly€pertinent€to€him€since€he€started€with€a€pay€of€60€K€as€an€architect€andÐ <#Œ" Ðfrom€becoming€a€partner€went€to€$285,000.00.€€The€court€will€seek€to€balance€the€equities€andÐ "$r# Ðlook€at€his€income€and€Jocelyn's€in€awarding€alimony€or€child€support.€€Here,€Jocelyn€graduatedÐ %X $ Ðfrom€college€with€an€accounting€degree.€€However,€she€stays€at€home€taking€care€of€the€kids€andÐ î%>!% Ðworked€outside€the€home€less€than€one€year.€€In€making€an€award€of€child€support€the€court€willÐ Ô&$"& Ðuse€the€best€interests€of€the€child€standard.€€The€court€may€find€that€since€Kristin€attends€aÐ º' #' Ðprivate€school€with€tuition€of€$12,000.00€a€year€and€Jocelyn€pays€a€nanny€$35,000.00€and€anÐ  (ð#( Ðoutstanding€health€care€bill€related€to€child€care€of€$25,000.00€that€an€amount€(out€of€John'sÐ †)Ö$) Ðincome)€will€be€higher.€€Moreover,€since€the€marital€home€is€used€for€both€his€wife€and€children,Ð l*¼%* Ðthere€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€court€will€order€that€Jocelyn€stay€in€the€home€with€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðchildren€Kristin,€John€Jr.,€and€Linda.Ð 8,ˆ', Ðà  àÌà  àSince€John€also€earns€additional€income€as€a€ski€instructor€this€income€will€be€consideredÐ –æ Ðby€the€court€for€determining€potential€child€support/alimony€award.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àSince€John€and€Jocelyn€argue€constantly,€the€court€may€find€that€the€marriage€isÐ H˜ Ðirretrievably€broken,€and€grant€the€couple€a€divorce.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àJohn€should€know€that€in€addition€to€being€responsible€for€a€large€child€support€awardÐ ú J Ðand€split€of€marital€funds€in€favor€of€Jocelyn€that€his€taking€good€care€of€the€family€financiallyÐ à 0 Ðand€paying€all€the€bills€during€the€marriage€while€honorable,€set€him€up€to€have€to€pay€alimonyÐ Æ   Ðto€Jocelyn.€€Yes,€she€have€an€accounting€degree,€but€the€court€may€discount€this€and€find€that€herÐ ¬ ü  Ðlifestyle€is€so€disparate€that€John€must€pay€her€alimony€to€sustain€their€style€of€living€for€her.Ð ’â  ÐÑ  ÑÌà  àAdultery€€€John€should€know€about€this€is€important€with€regard€to€the€courtððs€awardingÐ ^®  Ðcustody€of€the€children.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àAs€grounds€for€an€absolute€divorce,€Jocelyn€may€use€the€adultery€charge.€€Here,€theÐ ` Ðevidence€is€sketchy€at€best€since€Jocelyn€only€found€a€large€sum€if€money€missing€€notÐ öF Ðaccounted€for€by€the€normal€spending.€€And€also,€of€which€she€was€not€aware.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àI€would€ask€John€to€level€with€me€about€an€adulterous€affair€to€avoid€surprise€in€his€caseÐ ¨ø Ðand€importantly€to€develop€his€argument€for€custody€of€the€three€children€since€the€court€wouldÐ ŽÞ Ðlook€to€the€best€interests€of€the€children€in€deciding€custody€issues€and€Johnððs€character€goes€toÐ tÄ Ðthis.Ð  Zª ÐÔ‡EXïXX9X¼aÔò òà@:ìàQUESTION€3ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àWood€Products,€Inc.€is€a€small€closely€held€Maryland€corporation€in€Garrett€County,Ð ŠÚ Ðprincipally€engaged€in€the€manufacture€of€baseball€bats€from€ash€logs.€€The€company€purchasesÐ wÇ Ðlogs€from€timber€owners€in€the€vicinity€of€its€mill.€€Independent€truckers€transport€the€logs€to€theÐ d´ Ðmill€where€they€are€scaled€by€company€employees€to€determine€quality€and€grade.€€ThisÐ Q ¡ Ðinformation,€together€with€the€ownerððs€name,€is€entered€on€a€scaling€slip€in€duplicate€with€oneÐ > Ž Ðcopy€given€to€the€hauler€and€the€original€forwarded€to€the€company€bookkeeper€for€payment€toÐ + { Ðthe€owner.€€The€slips€are€not€sequentially€numbered.€€Budd€Twigg€has€been€a€regular€hauler€toÐ  h Ðthe€mill€for€many€years€and€is€well€known€to€the€employees€at€the€scaling€house.€€He€is€also€quiteÐ  U  Ðfamiliar€with€procedures€there.€€Ð ò B  ÐÌà  àIn€actual€practice,€both€copies€of€the€scaling€slip€often€were€given€to€the€hauler€whoÐ Ì  Ðdelivered€them€to€the€bookkeeper.€€The€hauler€then€received€the€payment€check€payable€to€theÐ ¹  Ðowner€whose€name€appeared€on€the€scaling€slip.€€In€Budððs€case,€he€often€was€entrusted€to€deliverÐ ¦ö  Ðthe€check€to€the€owner€of€the€logs.€Ð “ã  ÐÌà  àOn€June€1,€1999,€Twigg€stole€a€pad€of€scaling€slips€from€the€scaling€house€and,€thereafter,Ð m½ Ðbegan€filling€them€in€to€show€substantial,€wholly€fictitious€delivery€of€logs,€together€with€theÐ Zª Ðnames€of€local€timber€owners€as€suppliers.€€He€then€delivered€the€slips€to€the€companyÐ G— Ðbookkeeper€who€prepared€checks€drawn€on€City€Trust€Co.,€payable€to€the€order€of€the€identifiedÐ 4„ Ðowners.€The€bookkeeper€routinely€entrusted€Twigg€to€deliver€the€checks€to€the€owners.€€TwiggÐ !q Ðthen€forged€the€payeeððs€signature€and€either€cashed€the€checks€or€deposited€them€to€his€account€atÐ ^ Ðthe€Dollar€Bank€where€he€was€well€known.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àOver€a€period€of€three€months,€€Twigg€cashed€or€deposited€three€checks,€one€of€which€heÐ Õ% Ðpersonally€indorsed€beneath€the€forged€signature€of€the€payee.€€The€remaining€checks€containedÐ Â Ðonly€the€forged€indorsement€of€the€payee.€During€this€time,€the€suppliers€whose€signatures€wereÐ ¯ÿ Ðforged€by€Twigg€had€long„standing€checking€accounts€at€Dollar€Bank.€€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àUpon€discovery€of€Twiggððs€scheme,€Wood€Products,€Inc.€sought€to€recover€the€funds€paidÐ v Æ Ðby€the€banks€over€forged€indorsements.€€Ð c!³ ÐÌà  àò òWhat€is€the€relative€liability€among€Wood€Products,€Dollar€Bank€and€City€Trust€forÐ =#! Ðthe€loss€caused€by€Twiggððs€activities?€€Identify€the€facts€and€statutory€provisions€whichÐ *$z" Ðsupport€your€conclusions.€ó óÐ %g # ÐÌà@<<4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ ñ&A"% ÐÌà  àWood€Products€may€be€precluded€form€collecting€from€either€City€Trust€or€Dollar€Bank.€€Ð Ë($' ÐSection€3„406(a)€precludes€a€person€from€asserting€forgery€or€alteration€against€another€whoÐ ¸)%( Ðtakes€an€instrument€for€payment€or€collection€if€that€party€failed€to€exercise€ordinary€care€and€thatÐ ¥*õ%) Ðfailure€substantially€contributed€to€the€alteration€or€forgery.€€Ð ’+â&* Їà  àò òWood€Productsó ó€may€have€failed€to€exercise€ordinary€care€in€several€ways.€€The€scalingÐ ° Ðslips€are€not€sequentially€numbered€so€that€if€some€of€the€slips€are€stolen€it€would€be€noticed€thatÐ ¡ñ Ðthe€slips€are€out€of€order.€€Additionally,€both€copies€of€the€slips€are€given€to€the€haulers€forÐ ŽÞ Ðdelivery€to€the€bookkeeper.€€One€copy€of€the€slip€should€be€sent€to€the€bookkeeper€independentÐ {Ë Ðof€the€hauler.€€Further,€the€checks€for€the€timber€owners€were€given€to€the€haulers.€€The€checksÐ h¸ Ðshould€have€been€sent€to€the€owners€directly.€€The€haulers€should€not€have€been€given€the€checks.Ð U ¥ ÐÌà  àò òDollar€Bank:ó ó€€If€Wood€Products€wants€to€assert€that€it€is€not€precluded€from€asserting€itsÐ /  Ðloss€against€Dollar€Bank,€Wood€Products€has€to€show€that€Dollar€Bank€also€didnððt€exerciseÐ  p Ðordinary€care€when€paying€or€taking€the€instrument€under€Section€3„406(b)€and€(c).€€If€WoodÐ  ]  ÐProducts€can€show€that€Dollar€Bank€failed€to€exercise€ordinary€care,€then€Wood€Products€can€getÐ ú J  Ðthe€loss€allocated€between€Wood€Products€and€Dollar€Bank.€€Here,€Dollar€Bank€took€threeÐ ç7  Ðchecks€from€Bud€Twigg€with€forged€indorsements.€€Those€indorsements€were€for€suppliers€whoÐ Ô$  Ðhad€accounts€at€Dollar€Bank.€€Dollar€Bank€could€have€looked€to€see€if€the€signatures€for€thoseÐ Á  Ðsuppliers€were€appropriate.€€If€it€is€considered€to€be€a€reasonable€commercial€standard€to€checkÐ ®þ  Ðthe€signature€of€the€indorser,€then€Dollar€Bank€may€be€liable€for€failure€to€exercise€ordinary€careÐ ›ë  Ðas€ordinary€care€is€defined€in€Section€3„103(7).Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àò òCity€Trust:ó ó€€Wood€Products€would€also€have€to€show€that€City€Trust€failed€to€exerciseÐ b² Ðordinary€care€under€Section€3„406€and€here€the€facts€do€not€show€that€City€Trust€failed€toÐ S£ Ðexercise€ordinary€care.€€Ð @ Ðò òà@<<4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ -} ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Section€3„406,€a€person€whose€failure€to€exercise€ordinary€care€substantiallyÐ W Ðcontributes€to€the€making€of€a€forged€signature€on€an€instrument€is€precluded€from€asserting€theÐ ôD Ðforgery€against€a€person€who€pays€the€instrument€or€takes€it€for€value€or€collection.€€This€sectionÐ á1 Ðis€applicable€to€City€Trustððs€liability€for€Twiggððs€actions.€€City€Trust€paid€the€instrument€in€goodÐ Î Ðfaith.€€They€had€no€reason€to€suspect€that€there€was€anything€out€of€the€ordinary€connected€withÐ »  Ðthe€drafts€that€they€paid€on.€€City€Trust€pays€on€the€demand€of€Wood€Products€and€in€this€caseÐ ¨ø Ðthat€was€exactly€what€was€done€on€all€three€drafts.Ð •å ÐÌà  àSection€3„406€also€says€that€if€the€person€asserting€the€preclusion€fails€to€exerciseÐ o!¿ Ðordinary€care€in€paying€or€taking€the€instrument€and€that€failure€substantially€contributes€to€loss,Ð \"¬  Ðthe€loss€is€allocated€between€the€person€precluded€and€person€asserting€the€preclusion.€€This€partÐ I#™! Ðapplies€directly€to€Dollar€Bankððs€liability.€€Although€Wood€Products€was€negligent,€Dollar€BankÐ 6$†" Ðbears€some€of€the€liability.€€The€facts€specifically€say€that€Twigg€was€well€known€at€Dollar€Bank.€Ð #%s # ÐHe€forged€the€indorsements€of€two€other€long„standing€account€holders.€€If€Twigg€were€wellÐ &`!$ Ðknown,€the€bank€did€not€exercise€reasonable€care€in€cashing€checks€with€only€the€forgedÐ ý&M"% Ðindorsements€of€the€payee.€€It€is€conceivable€that€the€bank€is€not€negligent€on€the€other€draftÐ ê':#& Ðwhere€Twigg€personally€indorsed€beneath€the€forged€signatures.€€But€where€Twigg,€a€regularlyÐ ×('$' Ðknown€account€holder,€forged€the€indorsement€of€other€long„standing€account€holders€at€theÐ Ä)%( Ðsame€bank,€Dollar€Bank€is€clearly€liable€to€the€extent€their€failure€to€exercise€reasonable€careÐ ±*&) Ðcontributed€to€the€loss.€€Ð ž+î&* Їà  àFinally,€a€great€deal€of€liability€lies€with€Wood€Products.€€Wood€Product€has€proceduresÐ ° Ðset€out€to€prevent€fraud€of€this€nature.€€The€procedures€that€were€set€out€for€the€company€toÐ í Ðfollow€were€not€complied€with.€€The€process€of€one€copy€of€the€scaling€slip€given€to€the€haulerÐ ŠÚ Ðand€one€copy€given€to€the€bookkeeper€was€not€followed.€€Reasonable€care€was€not€exercisedÐ wÇ Ðwhen€both€copies€were€given€to€the€hauler.€€Reasonable€care€was€also€not€taken€when€theÐ d´ Ðbookkeeper€entrusted€the€checks€to€the€hauler€as€opposed€to€sending€them€to€the€owners.€€ThisÐ Q ¡ Ðwas€a€violation€of€the€company€policy€€and€could€have€averted€the€entire€problem€if€followed.Ð > Ž ÐÌà  àFinally,€Wood€Products€may€not€have€exercised€reasonable€care€in€guarding€the€scalingÐ  h Ðslip€that€Twigg€stole€from€the€scaling€house.€€If€reasonable€care€had€been€taken€in€guarding€theÐ  U  Ðslips€the€forgery€could€have€been€averted.€€Ð ò B  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ#†9X¼aXXEXïÖ`#ÔÌÌÌò òÐ  %R # Ðà@’’:ìàQUESTION€4ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àAnn€is€a€sole€practitioner€in€Cecil€County,€Maryland,€where€her€practice€is€primarily€inÐ |Ì Ðreal€estate€law.€€She€has€three€children€approaching€college€age.€€Her€need€for€additional€incomeÐ b² Ðhas€caused€her€to€look€into€legal€methods€of€promoting€her€practice.€€She€has€also€decided€to€listÐ H˜ Ðand€sell€real€estate.€€She€is€licensed€to€practice€law€in€Maryland€and€has€become€a€licensed€realÐ . ~ Ðestate€broker€in€neighboring€Pennsylvania€and€Delaware€as€well€as€in€Maryland.€€Ð  d ÐÌà  àShe€has€considered€several€means€of€communications€to€make€the€public€aware€of€herÐ à 0 Ðservices.€€Her€plans€include€the€following:Ð Æ   ÐÌà  à1.à ` àShe€has€decided€to€create€a€single€web€page€on€the€Internet€which€can€be€accessedÐ ’â  Ðby€prospective€clients€for€her€law€and€real€estate€businesses.€€Although€she€does€not€plan€toÐ xÈ  Ðdirectly€send€the€web€page€to€anyone,€it€is€anticipated€that€it€would€be€viewed€in€all€three€states.Ð ^®  Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à2.à ` àShe€plans€to€develop€real€estate€listings€by€making€direct€calls€to€potentialÐ *z  Ðcustomers.€€She€would€like€to€tell€the€customers€that€she€is€also€a€lawyer€and€that€she€can€saveÐ ` Ðthem€money€by€performing€both€broker€and€legal€functions.Ð öF Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à3.à ` àShe€desires€to€do€an€advertising€handout€for€real€estate€ð ðopen€housesðð€which€areÐ Â Ðused€to€solicit€real€estate€business.€€This€handout€would€indicate€that€she€is€a€real€estate€brokerÐ ¨ø Ðand€an€attorney.€€It€would€be€given€to€prospective€clients€who€attend€the€open€house€along€with€aÐ ŽÞ Ðrefrigerator€magnet€calendar€containing€name,€address€and€phone€number€of€her€combined€lawÐ tÄ Ðand€real€estate€office.Ð Zª Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à4.à ` àFinally,€she€has€prepared€brochures€advertising€that€she€is€a€practicing€real€estateÐ &v Ðattorney€and€she€plans€to€place€these€ð ðflyersðð€on€the€windshields€of€cars€in€parking€lots€in€CecilÐ  \ ÐCounty.€€The€ð ðflyersðð€state€that€she€is€a€licensed€real€estate€broker€and€practicing€attorney€andÐ òB Ðadd€the€following€at€the€bottom€of€her€flyer:€€ð ðWhy€pay€for€two,€when€one€will€do€the€work€ofÐ Ø( Ðtwo.ðð€€Ð ¾ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àò òBefore€proceeding€with€her€plans,€she€seeks€your€advice.€€Ð Š Ú Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àWhat€advice€would€you,€as€an€attorney€admitted€to€practice€in€Maryland,€give€her?ó óÐ V"¦! ÐÌò òà@@@4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ "$r# ÐÌà  àLawyers€commercial€speech€has€limited€First€Amendment€rights.€€They€are€subject€to€theÐ î%>!% Ðintermediate€scrutiny€standard.€€They€canððt€be€unjustified,€misleading€or€overreaching.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  à1.à ` àWeb€Page:Ð  (ð#( Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àThe€web€page€needs€to€make€sure€has€contents€that€are€not€unjustified€and€it€needs€to€beÐ l*¼%* Ðclear€to€the€public.€€Needs€to€show€where€she€is€authorized€to€practice.€€This€means€she€cannotÐ R+¢&+ Ðhelp€Pennsylvania€and€Delaware€residents€with€their€legal€needs.€€She€will€need€to€disclose€thisÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfact.€€Ð ° Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à2.à ` àPotential€Conflicts:Ð |Ì Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àThe€real€estate€agent€is€usually€an€agent€for€the€seller€and€has€more€knowledge€of€theÐ H˜ Ðvalue€of€the€property€than€any€prospective€client.€€She€needs€to€tell€the€client€to€get€anotherÐ . ~ Ðlawyer€if€the€value€is€greater€or€lower€than€the€client€believes.€€The€transactions€have€to€be€fair€toÐ  d Ðthe€client.€€€She€can€have€Ô  Ôòòjoint€representationóóÔ  Ô€if€she€reasonably€believes€that€(1)€representationÐ ú J Ðwill€not€limit€materially€one€party,€and€if€(2)€both€parties€consent€with€full€disclosure.€€ThisÐ à 0 Ðcould€be€her€best€option€for€carrying€out€both€representations,€otherwise,€the€buyer€would€haveÐ Æ   Ðto€look€for€a€lawyer€to€make€sure€transactions€are€fair€and€reasonable€with€the€lawyer.Ð ¬ ü  Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à3.à ` àNo€direct€Calls.Ð xÈ  Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àThese€are€only€limited€to€clients,€friends€and€relatives.€These€can€be€found€to€beÐ D”  Ðoverreaching.€€Customers€need€to€know€about€the€conflict€(lawyer€is€sellerððs€agent)€and€that€theyÐ *z  Ðneed€outside€counsel€unless€of€course€they€consent.Ð ` Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌà  à4.à ` àAdvertisements.Ð Â Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àShe€should€put€ð ðthis€is€an€advertisementðð€to€be€safe.€€This€does€not€seem€to€beÐ ŽÞ Ðoverreaching,€or€as€a€catalyst€for€unjustified€expectations.€€Ð tÄ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à5.à ` àð ðWhy€Pay€for€TwoððÐ @ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àIs€she€representing€herself€as€a€ð ðbuyerððs€agentðð€The€buyer€has€no€notice€of€any€conflict€ofÐ  \ Ðinterest.€€Duty€of€loyalty?€€A€show€of€self€dealing€at€the€expense€of€Buyer.€€She€needs€to€clarifyÐ òB Ðwho€she€is€working€for€(seller€or€buyer).€€A€client€can€pay€for€a€lawyer€to€do€services€for€her€andÐ Ø( Ðnot€for€the€seller.€€Receiving€money€from€the€seller€and€the€buyer€is€a€conflict€of€interest.€€CanððtÐ ¾ Ðdo€it.€€Ð ¤ô ÐÌÌÌò òà@@@4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ <#Œ" Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àMy€initial€advice€would€be€to€keep€her€legal€practice€and€real€estate€practices€separate.€Ð %X $ ÐThis€creates€an€inherent€conflict€of€interest€throughout€the€process,€one€that€could€subject€her€toÐ î%>!% Ðdisciplinary€procedures€down€the€road.€€Ð Ô&$"& Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à1.à ` àThe€Web€Page.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àFactually,€this€is€okay.€€There€is€nothing€wrong,€as€an€attorney,€with€advertising€servicesÐ l*¼%* Ðon€the€Internet,€as€long€as€requirements€of€disclosure€are€met€„€her€practice,€address,€name,€stateÐ R+¢&+ Ðlicensed€to€practice€law€in.Ð 8,ˆ', Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àIf€she€anticipates€that€it€will€be€viewed€in€all€three€states,€she€has€to€disclose€that,Ð –æ Ðalthough€she€is€a€real€estate€agent€in€Delaware,€she€is€only€a€licensed€attorney€in€Maryland,Ð |Ì Ðotherwise,€this€is€a€material€misrepresentation.Ð b² Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à2.à ` àDirect€calls€to€customers€to€solicit€business€as€a€real€estate€broker€are€fine,€but€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔòònotÐ . ~ ÐóóÔ  ÔÔ  Ôwhen€she€holds€herself€out€as€an€attorney.€€The€Maryland€Code€of€Professional€Conduct€does€notÐ  d Ðallow€direct€phone€solicitations€of€potential€clients.€€If€she€wants€to€make€the€calls€Ô  ÔÔ  Ôòòonly€óóÔ  ÔÔ  Ôas€a€realÐ ú J Ðestate€broker€and€does€not€subsequently€perform€legal€services€on€the€same€client,€then€it€is€fine,Ð à 0 Ðbut€even€if€she€didnððt€initially€represent€herself€as€an€attorney€but€took€on€the€role€later,€it€smacksÐ Æ   Ðof€impropriety,€and€could€bring€disciplinary€action.€€It€also€discusses€money€„€a€no„no.Ð ¬ ü  Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à3.à ` àAgain,€the€dual€relationship€causes€a€problem.€€First,€direct€solicitation€ofÐ xÈ  Ðpotential€clients€is€often€okay€but€maybe€not€in€an€ð ðopen€houseðð€setting,€where€customers/clientsÐ ^®  Ðare€€€€€€ð ðtuned€inðð€by€the€setting.€€Second,€if€you€want€to€advertise€yourself€as€an€attorney€on€aÐ D”  Ðmagnet,€it€would€have€to€include€your€name,€firm€name,€where€you€are€licensed€to€practice,€anyÐ *z  Ðspecialties,€etc.€€The€magnet€doesnððt€include€the€information€of€where€she€is€able€to€practice€andÐ ` Ðthus€is€improper.Ð öF Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à4.à ` àAll€sorts€€of€problems€here.€€First,€the€Maryland€Bar€would€most€likely€frown€onÐ Â Ðthe€distribution€of€flyers€on€cars,€though€it€is€in€Cecil€County.€€The€truly€egregious€€part,Ð ¨ø Ðhowever,€is€talking€about€the€reduction€of€fees€„€no€mention€of€fees€should€ever€appear€in€anÐ ŽÞ Ðadvertisement,€especially€one€that€essentially€claims€discount€prices€for€legal€services.€€€Ð tÄ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àI€would€advise€her€to€keep€her€practices€separate,€or€else€only€advertise€in€Maryland,€andÐ @ Ðto€review€her€course€on€professional€responsibility.€Ð &v Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àÌÌÐ  V"¦! Ðà@’’:ìàò òQUESTION€5ˆÐ ° ÐÌà@ÎÎ<ìàòòPart€AóóˆÐ |Ì ÐÌà  àó óTheodore€owns€and€lives€in€a€single€family€home€in€a€residential€development€inÐ H˜ ÐFallston,€Maryland.€€He€has€lived€there€since€1980.€€In€1999,€Lumpy€purchased€a€lot€adjacent€toÐ . ~ ÐTheodoreððs.€€Lumpy€installed€a€large€under€ground€tank€and€opened€a€gasoline€station.€€The€useÐ  d Ðwas€permitted€by€Local€Zoning€Laws.€€There€were€no€other€gasoline€stations€in€the€area.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àTheodoreððs€water€is€supplied€by€a€well€located€on€his€property.€In€August€of€2000,Ð Æ   ÐTheodoreððs€well€water€began€to€taste€and€smell€of€gasoline.€€Subsequent€tests€confirmed€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðgasoline€from€the€station€had€contaminated€Theodoreððs€well.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àTheodore€informed€Lumpy€of€the€problem,€Lumpy€had€the€tank€excavated€and€inspected.€Ð ^®  ÐThe€tank€had€developed€a€small€leak€and€there€was€evidence€that€gasoline€had€saturated€theÐ D”  Ðground€over€a€period€of€time.€€Lumpy€did€not€monitor€the€tank€on€a€regular€basis€and,€therefore,Ð *z  Ðwas€unaware€of€the€leak.à  àà h àà À àà  àÐ ` ÐÌà  àò òOther€than€claims€under€environmental€statutes,€describe€the€theories€of€liability€byÐ Ü, Ðwhich€Theodore€can€make€a€claim€against€Lumpy.€€Explain€fully.ó óÐ Â ÐÌÔ‡4X¼aXX9X¼aÔà@<ìàò òPART€Bó óˆÐ ŽÞ ÐÌà  àEddie€pulled€into€Lumpyððs€station€to€buy€gasoline.€€Upon€exiting€his€car,€Eddie€steppedÐ Zª Ðon€some€oil€on€the€parking€lot€which€caused€him€to€slip€and€fall€injuring€his€back.Ð @ ÐÌà  àLumpyððs€station€has€a€large€sign€at€the€road€that€reads€ð ðKO€GAS.ðð€€In€the€window€is€aÐ  \ Ðsign€that€reads€ð ðWe€only€sell€KO€products.ðð€€All€of€the€employees€wear€a€KO€uniform€with€a€KOÐ òB Ðpatch€on€the€sleeve.€€The€gasoline€pumps€were€leased€from€KO.€€The€station€building,€pumps€andÐ Ø( Ðsigns€are€all€in€KOððs€corporate€colors€of€red€and€white.Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àEddie€always€uses€KO€gasoline€and€was€attracted€to€Lumpyððs€station€by€the€KO€GASÐ Š Ú Ðsign.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àò òEddie€sued€KO€seeking€damages€for€his€injuries.€€What€legal€theories€could€be€usedÐ <#Œ" Ðto€hold€KO€liable€and€what€will€be€the€probable€result?€€Explain.ó óÐ "$r# ÐÔ#†9X¼aXX4X¼aÀ¯#ÔÌÌò òÔ‡4X¼aXX9X¼aÔà@@@4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1òòˆÐ Ô&$"& ÐóóÌÓ  ÓA.ó óà  àThere€are€4€claims€Theodore€(T)€can€make€versus€Lumpy€(L).Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àòòNegligenceóóÐ l*¼%* Ðà  àÌà  àThe€first€is€negligence.Ð 8,ˆ', Ðà  àÌà  àòòDuty€and€BreachóóÐ –æ Ðà  àÌà  àL€has€the€duty€to€act€reasonably€using€ordinary€care.€€This€standard€may€be€increased€to€thatÐ b² Ðof€a€gas€station€entity€if€there€is€superior€knowledge€of€protocol€for€underground€tanks€maintenance.Ð H˜ ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àAlso,€T€can€exercise€a€res€ispa€loquitur€claim€to€bypass€duty/breach/causation€by€assertingÐ  d Ðthat€there€is€no€other€explanation€for€what€happened€than€Lððs€negligence.€€Given€there€was€noÐ ú J Ðproblem€before€L€arrived€and€no€other€gas€stations€in€the€area,€this€is€a€potential€claim€to€use.Ð à 0 Ðà  àÌà  àRegardless,€T€can€assert€that€L€did€not€act€reasonably€using€industry€standard€for€gas€stationsÐ ¬ ü  Ðor€a€reasonable€property€owner€with€gas€tanks€in€ground.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àCausation€is€established€by€but/for€the€breach€the€harm€would€not€have€occurred€and€that€theÐ ^®  Ðresult€was€a€foreseeable€one€and€the€Plaintiff,€T,€was€foreseeable.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àThese€tests€are€both€met€under€the€facts€because€there€was€a€leak€in€the€tanks€and€the€groundÐ ` Ðbecame€saturated€and€that€contaminated€Tððs€well.Ð öF ÐÌà  àHarm/damages€can€be€proven€in€relationship€to€Tððs€land€and€the€well€water.Ð Â Ðà  àÌÑ  Ñà  àòòò òTrespassóóó óÐ ŽÞ ÐÌà  àTrespass€is€an€intentional€tort€going€onto€the€property€or€causing€something€to€go€onto€theÐ Zª Ðproperty€without€permission€of€the€owner.€€This€includes€air€and€subterranean€space€within€reason.Ð @ ÐÌà  àIt€is€not€clear€that€L€intended€to€have€oil€go€onto€Tððs€property€since€the€tank€was€undergroundÐ  \ Ðand€there€was€no€prior€knowledge€of€the€leak.Ð òB ÐÌà  àòòò òNuisanceóóó ó€ð!ð€is€the€unreasonable€interference€of€a€land€ownerððs€quiet€possession€of€theirÐ ¾ Ðpremises.€€Generally,€itððs€related€to€noise,€smoke,€smells.€€It€may€be€potential€claim€to€pursue.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àòòò òStrict€Liability€(SL)ó óóóÐ p!À  ÐÌà  àSL€may€attach€for€defective€conditions€that€are€unreasonably€dangerous€or€for€inherentlyÐ <#Œ" Ðdangerous€activities.€€The€latter€is€inapplicable€because€there€are€ways€to€make€gasoline€storage€saferÐ "$r# Ð(no€smoking€etc.).Ð %X $ ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àFor€strict€liability,€the€product€must€have€been€defectively€manufactured€or€designed.€€Here,Ð Ô&$"& Ðthere€is€no€indication€that€L€had€any€influence€in€the€design€or€manufacturing€of€the€tank.Ð º' #' ÐÌà  àThus,€strict€liability€is€not€valid€here.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌò òB.ó óà  àEddie€will€sue€KO€under€direct€negligence€and€vicarious€liability€(respondeat€superior).Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÑ  Ñà  àòòò òNegligenceó óÐ ° ÐóóÌà  àKO€can€be€directly€liable€if€it€was€negligent€in€the€hiring€or€supervision€of€the€station€andÐ |Ì Ðits€attendants.Ð b² ÐÌà  àThere€is€a€remote€possibility€of€success€on€the€direct€claim.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àòòò òVicarious€Liabilityó óÐ ú J ÐÌóóà  àIn€order€for€KO€to€be€liable€indirectly€for€the€negligence€of€KO,€it€must€be€shown€Lððs€stationÐ Æ   Ðwas€an€agent€of€KO.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àTo€be€an€agent,€L€must€be€acting€within€the€scope€of€employment€and€KO€must€exerciseÐ xÈ  Ðright€of€control€over€Lððs€station.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àLððs€station€was€within€the€scope€because€it€was€dispensing€gas.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àAs€far€as€right€of€control€the€facts€show€that€the€sign€read€ð ðKO€gasðð,€employees€wore€KOÐ öF Ðuniforms,€pumps€leased€from€KO,€station€colors€were€KO€colors.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àThus€it€appears€to€be€facts€to€support€an€agency€argument.€€If€for€no€other€reason€it€can€beÐ ¨ø Ðargued€that€Lððs€station€had€apparent€authority€to€act€for€KO.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àBy€that,€a€3òòrdóó€person€can€reasonably€infer€that€KO€was€supporting€a€belief€that€Lððs€station€wasÐ Zª Ðpart€of€KO.Ð @ ÐÑ  ÑÌÑ  Ñà  àThus,€any€negligence€on€Lððs€part€can€be€attributed€to€KO€as€well.Ð  \ ÐÌò òà@@@4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2òòˆÐ Ø( ÐÌóóà@ÎÎ<ìàPart€AòòˆÐ ¤ô ÐóóÌà  àNegligenceó ó€ð!ð€T€could€claim€that€L€was€negligent€in€not€monitoring€the€tank.€€NegligenceÐ p!À  Ðrequires€duty,€breach,€cause€€in€fact,€proximate€cause€and€damages.€€L€had€a€duty€to€act€reasonablyÐ V"¦! Ðto€all€foreseeable€plaintiffs.€€T,€as€Lððs€neighbor,€was€foreseeable.€€L€breached€what€that€duty€by€notÐ <#Œ" Ðinspecting€the€tank,€if€not€doing€so€was€unreasonable.€€I€am€not€familiar€with€custom€in€the€industryÐ "$r# Ðor€the€amount€of€difficulty€to€do€so.€€However€ð!ð€I€believe€T€has€a€strong€argument€that€L€breachedÐ %X $ Ðhis€duty€here€by€not€taking€any€precautions€to€ensure€that€harm€did€not€come€to€his€neighbor,€aÐ î%>!% Ðforeseeable€plaintiff.€€Causation€and€damages€are€easy€to€prove€here,€the€real€issue€will€be€breach.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àò òTrespass/Nuisanceó óòò€óóð!ð€T€could€attempt€a€trespass€claim,€since€gasoline€leaked€from€the€tankÐ  (ð#( Ðonto€Tððs€property.€€Because€L€did€not€intend€for€the€tank€to€leak,€and€intent€to€invade€anotherððsÐ †)Ö$) Ðproperty€is€an€element€of€trespass,€Tððs€trespass€claim€will€fail.Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àò òNuisanceó ó€ð!ð€T€has€a€strong€nuisance€claim,€as€Lððs€use€of€his€property€substantially€interferedÐ ° Ðâ âwith€Tððs€conveyance€of€his€property.€€Lððs€only€defense€would€be€that€T€was€hypersensitive€becauseÐ –æ Ðhe€had€a€well,€where€most€ordinary€people€use€indoor€plumbing.€€However,€Lððs€defense€will€fail,Ð |Ì Ðas€I€believe€using€a€well€is€common,€and€foreseeable€as€the€ordinary€use€of€oneððs€land.€€Because€LððsÐ b² Ðtank€leaked€and€interfered€with€Tððs€reasonable,€ordinary€enjoyment€of€Tððs€land,€L€will€be€liableÐ H˜ Ðunder€a€nuisance€claim.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àò òStrict€Liabilityòòó óóó€ð!ð€There€is€no€strict€liability€here,€although€one€could€be€possibly€assertedÐ ú J Ðagainst€the€tankððs€manufacturer.Ð à 0 ÐÌà@ÔÔ<ìàò òPart€Bó óˆÐ ¬ ü  ÐòòÑ  ÑÌÑ  Ñóóà  àE€will€assert€a€negligence€claim€against€KO,€and€will€attempt€to€tie€KO€to€Lumpyððs€stationÐ xÈ  Ðunder€a€Principal/Agent€theory€of€Respondeat€Superior.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àFor€KO€to€be€liable,€E€must€first€show€that€L€was€KOððs€agent.€€Then€E€must€assert€that€asÐ *z  ÐKOððs€agent,€KO€should€be€held€liable€either€as€an€employee/employer,€or€independent€contractorÐ ` Ðtheories.€€The€first€theory€can€be€immediately€dismissed,€as€a€lessor/lessee€situation,€much€likeÐ öF Ðfranchisor/franchisee€will€not€lead€to€liability€for€the€lessor€without€the€showing€of€substantialÐ Ü, Ðcontrol€of€the€lessee€by€the€lessor.€€The€KO€signs€and€the€uniforms€and€the€colors€are€not€enoughÐ Â Ðby€themselves€to€tie€the€lessor€KO€to€Lumpyððs€station.€€E€would€have€to€prove€KO€was€so€involvedÐ ¨ø Ðin€the€operation€of€Lððs€station,€that€KO€controlled€Lððs€employees€and€such,€in€order€to€hold€KOÐ ŽÞ Ðvicariously€liable.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIt€seems€clear€that,€without€more€showings/proof€of€control€by€KO,€that€Lððs€station€wasÐ @ Ðmerely€an€independent€contractor€of€the€KO€brand€name.€€Since€nothing€on€the€facts€show€the€dutyÐ &v Ðwas€non„delegable,€or€that€the€operation€of€the€business€was€inherently€dangerous,€Eððs€tort€actionÐ  \ Ðwill€be€limited€to€Lððs€station€only.€€KO€will€not€be€held€vicariously€liable€for€the€acts€of€itsÐ òB Ðindependent€contract€lessee€here.Ð Ø( ÐÌÔ‡4íD X4X¼aÔÐ  ¤ô Ðà@’’:ìàò òÔ#†4X¼aX 4íDùÖ#ÔQUESTION€6ó óÔ#†9X¼aXX4X¼a9´#ԈР° ÐÌà  àSam€was€stopped€at€a€traffic€light€in€Caroline€County,€Maryland,€when€he€was€struck€fromÐ |Ì Ðbehind€by€a€van€driven€by€Yates.€€The€impact€damaged€Samððs€truck€and€shook€Sam€up.€Ð b² ÐImmediately€after€the€accident,€Yates€got€out€of€the€van,€said€the€accident€was€his€fault,€profuselyÐ H˜ Ðapologized€and€promised€to€pay€for€the€damage€to€Samððs€vehicle.€€Sam€agreed;€the€two€men€shookÐ . ~ Ðhands,€exchanged€addresses€and€departed.€€For€a€few€days€after€the€accident,€Sam€sometimes€feltÐ  d Ða€little€dizzy€but€the€symptoms€cleared€up€before€he€got€around€to€seeing€a€doctor.€€Sam€took€hisÐ ú J Ðtruck€to€a€body€shop€and€had€it€repaired€for€$500.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àSam€mailed€a€copy€of€the€repair€bill€to€Yates€and€requested€reimbursement.€€Yates€did€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðrespond.€€Sam€decided€to€sue€Yates.€€He€didnððt€think€$500€was€enough€to€bother€a€lawyer€with€soÐ ’â  Ðhe€decided€to€do€it€himself.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àSam€went€to€the€Clerkððs€Office€in€the€District€Court€of€Maryland€for€Caroline€County€to€fileÐ D”  Ðsuit€against€Yates.€€€All€the€paperwork€there€confused€him€a€little,€but€after€discussing€the€situationÐ *z  Ðwith€one€of€the€assistant€court€clerks,€Sam€filled€out€a€District€Court€statement€of€claim€stating€thatÐ ` Ðhe€was€suing€for€breach€of€contract.€€He€added€a€written€explanation€that€Yates€had€agreed€to€payÐ öF Ðfor€some€repair€work€to€his€car€but€had€failed€to€do€so.€€The€statement€of€claim€and€summons€wereÐ Ü, Ðserved€on€Yates€by€a€deputy€sheriff.Ð Â ÐÌà  àYates€did€not€file€a€Notice€of€Intention€to€Defend€or€any€other€pleading,€nor€did€he€appearÐ ŽÞ Ðin€court€when€the€case€was€set€for€trial.€€The€judge€entered€a€default€judgement€on€behalf€of€SamÐ tÄ Ðagainst€Yates€for€$500€plus€court€costs.€€Sam€did€not€attempt€to€collect€on€the€judgment.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àOne€month€later,€Samððs€dizzy€spells€came€back.€€Sam€went€to€see€a€doctor€who€performedÐ &v Ðsome€tests€and€told€Sam€that€he€had€suffered€permanent€injuries€as€a€result€of€the€accident.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThis€time,€Sam€went€to€see€a€lawyer€to€look€into€things€for€him.€€It€turned€out€that€the€vanÐ Ø( ÐYates€was€driving€was€owned€by€his€employer,€Bill,€a€wealthy€builder€who€also€lived€in€CarolineÐ ¾ ÐCounty.€€Yates€had€been€convicted€of€drunk€driving€on€seven€prior€occasions.€€On€the€day€theÐ ¤ô Ðaccident€occurred,€Bill€had€lent€Yates€the€van€so€Yates€could€go€fishing.€€He€knew€that€Yates€didnððtÐ Š Ú Ðhave€a€license€and€that€Yates€had€been€drinking€pretty€steadily€throughout€the€day.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àSamððs€lawyer€filed€suit€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Caroline€County€against€Yates€and€Bill,Ð <#Œ" Ðalleging€negligence€on€the€part€of€Yates€and€Bill€and€negligent€entrustment€against€Bill.€€The€CircuitÐ "$r# ÐCourt€suit€sought€damages€only€for€Samððs€personal€injuries.Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àò òDoes€Samððs€prior€suit€provide€a€defense€for€either€Yates€or€Bill?€€What€are€the€chancesÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€defense€being€successful?€€Explain€your€answers€thoroughly,€€€Do€not€address€the€meritsÐ º' #' Ðof€the€lawsuit.ó óÐ  (ð#( ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àò òÔ‡EXïXX9X¼aÔà h àà@<<4ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà@ìì?ìàˆÌà  àThe€issue€at€hand€here€is€whether€Samððs€prior€suit€will€provide€a€defense€for€either€Yates€orÐ í ÐBill.Ð ŠÚ ÐÌà  àWith€respect€to€Yates,€he€was€previously€sued€in€District€Court€on€a€theory€of€breach€ofÐ d´ Ðcontract.€€The€question€is€whether€Sam€should€have€brought€all€of€his€claims€arising€out€of€theÐ Q ¡ Ðaccident€in€that€€suit.€€I€think€he€should€have.€€When€you€have€a€defendant€being€sued€for€breach€ofÐ > Ž Ðcontract€that€arose€out€of€the€crash,€Sam€should€have€brought€all€of€his€possible€claims€against€thisÐ + { Ðdefendant€then€as€to€Yates,€any€agency€based€liability€would€be€barred€arising€from€that€crash.€€Ð  h ÐÌà  àHowever,€Sam€should€still€be€able€to€successfully€maintain€the€negligent€contract€actionÐ ò B  Ðagainst€Bill€because€this€cause€of€action€did€not€arise€out€of€the€crash€in€and€of€itself.€€NegligentÐ ß/  Ðentrustment€is€a€different€cause€of€action€from€negligence,€which€Sam€would€have€asserted€againstÐ Ì  ÐYates.Ð ¹  ÐÌà  àIn€the€interest€of€judicial€economy,€should€bring€all€claims€against€a€singe€defendant(s)Ð “ã  Ðarising€from€the€same€occurrence€in€a€single€court€action.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€defense€for€Yates€is€res€judicata€which€should€be€plead€affirmatively€in€the€initialÐ Zª Ðpleading.Ð G— Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà@<<4ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ !q ÐÌà  àThe€issue€here€is€collateral€estoppel€which€prevents€a€2òòndóó€suit€between€parties€that€wasÐ ûK Ðpreviously€litigated€or€should€have€been€brought€in€the€previous€suit.€€The€main€element€is€the€finalÐ è8 Ðjudgment€on€the€merits€in€the€previous€suit,€the€same€parties€and€the€promotion€of€justice€and€judicialÐ Õ% Ðeconomy.Ð Â ÐÌà  àHere,€Sam€brought€suit€in€the€District€Court€and€there€was€a€default€judgment.€€This€isÐ œì Ðsufficient€for€a€final€judgment€on€the€merits.€€Second,€the€parties€are€the€same€in€the€2òòndóó€suit€with€theÐ ‰Ù Ðaddition€of€Bill.€€However,€the€theory€of€the€1òòstóó€suit€was€breach€of€contract€and€in€the€2òòndóó€suit,€itððsÐ v Æ Ðnegligence.€€Thus€although€there€are€different€claims,€the€doctrine€of€claim€preclusion€prevents€SamÐ c!³ Ðfrom€bringing€the€second€suit€again€because€the€claim€arose€out€of€the€same€occurrence€orÐ P"   Ðtransaction€(accident).€€The€doctrine€prevents€the€bringing€of€a€2òòndóó€suit€for€a€different€claim€whichÐ =#! Ðarose€out€of€the€same€transaction€or€occurrence€because€of€judicial€economy;€they€must€have€beenÐ *$z" Ðlitigated€together.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€parties€are€different€in€the€second€„€Bill.€€Thus€Sam€can€sueÐ %g # ÐBill.€€However,€when€claim€or€issue€preclusion€is€used€defensively,€the€courts€do€allow€the€defendantÐ &T!$ Ðthe€benefit€from€the€plaintiffððs€faux€pas.€€Thus,€Sam€may€be€allowed€to€bring€negligence€suit€againstÐ ñ&A"% ÐYates.Ð Þ'.#& ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌò òÔ#†9X¼aXXEXïŸå#ÔÔ‡4X¼aXX9X¼aÔÐ  ¥*õ%) Ðà@’’:ìàQUESTION€7ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÓ  Óà  àIn€January€1998,€Mark€and€Mary€contracted€with€Smith,€a€licensed€Maryland€architect,€toÐ |Ì Ðdesign€and€supervise€construction€of€a€deck€and€patio€for€their€new€home€in€Anne€ArundelÐ b² ÐCounty,€Maryland.€€In€February€1998,€Jones,€another€licensed€Maryland€architect,€and€SmithÐ H˜ Ðformed€a€limited€liability€company€to€conduct€their€architecture€practice.€€Articles€ofÐ . ~ ÐOrganization€for€Jones€and€Smith,€LLC€(ð ðLLCðð)€were€filed€with€and€accepted€by€the€MarylandÐ  d ÐState€Department€of€Assessments€and€Taxation.€€Smith€and€Jones€decided€that€they€did€not€wantÐ ú J Ðan€operating€agreement€because€they€were€close€friends.€€Smith€and€Jones€each€assigned€to€theÐ à 0 ÐLLC€all€individual€business€equipment,€architectural€contracts€for€work€in€process,€including€theÐ Æ   Ðcontract€with€Mary€and€Mark,€and€accounts€receivable€related€to€their€respective€practices.€€Ð ¬ ü  ÐSmithððs€spouse€was€the€bookkeeper,€manager€and€authorized€person€for€the€LLC.€€SmithððsÐ ’â  Ðspouse€accepted€the€assignments€from€Smith€and€Jones€on€behalf€of€the€LLC€in€February€1998,Ð xÈ  Ðand€Mark€and€Mary€consented€to€the€assignment€of€their€contract€with€Smith€to€the€LLC.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àSmith€designed€the€deck€during€March€and€April€1998,€and€Smith€and€Jones€supervisedÐ *z  Ðconstruction€of€the€deck€during€May€1998.€€The€deck€was€completed€in€June€1998,€and€Mark€andÐ ` ÐMary€paid€the€LLC€for€all€services€and€materials€in€accordance€with€the€contract.€€The€new€LLCÐ öF Ðimmediately€advertised€its€services€in€a€brochure€that€featured€photographs€and€a€description€ofÐ Ü, ÐMark€and€Maryððs€deck€as€a€representative€project€of€the€LLC.€€After€reading€the€brochure,Ð Â ÐBrown,€another€licensed€Maryland€architect,€became€a€member€of€the€LLC€in€January€2000,Ð ¨ø Ðbecause€Brown€believed€Smith€and€Jones€were€creative€architects.€€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àIn€May€2000,€Mark€and€Maryððs€deck€collapsed€while€they€were€entertaining€guests.€Ð Zª ÐMary€and€five€of€her€guests€were€seriously€injured.€€Mark€and€Mary€also€incurred€significantÐ @ Ðproperty€damage,€including€structural€damage€to€their€house,€and€the€loss€of€china,€furniture,Ð &v Ðcrystal,€and€other€personal€belongings.€€An€investigator€for€their€property€insurer€told€Mark€andÐ  \ ÐMary€that€the€cause€of€the€collapse€was€due€to€poor€architectural€design€and€faulty€constructionÐ òB Ðof€the€deck.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIn€November€2000,€Mark€and€Mary€seek€advice€from€a€lawyer€about€possible€claims€toÐ ¤ô Ðrecover€for€the€damages€to€their€house,€their€personal€property,€and€for€Maryððs€injuries.€€Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àò òAssuming€that€the€design€and€construction€were€defective,€what€advice€should€theÐ V"¦! Ðlawyer€give€to€Mark€and€Mary€about€the€potential€liability€of€each€of€the€following€parties:Ð <#Œ" ÐSmith,€Jones,€Brown,€Smithððs€spouse,€and€the€LLC?€€Explain€your€answer€fully.Ð "$r# Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð î%>!% Ðó óÓ  ÓÌò òà  àProfessionals€€ó óà  àMaryland€law€permits€professionals€to€take€advantage€of€theÐ º' #' Ðpersonal€protection€against€their€business€liability€under€corporations,€(professional),€limitedÐ  (ð#( Ðliability€companies,€and€limited€partnerships.€€However,€a€professional€can€never€waive€theirÐ †)Ö$) Ðpersonal€liability€for€malpractice€or€negligence€in€their€professional€capacity.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÐ 8,ˆ', Ðò òà  àSmith€ó ó€à ¸ àAs€a€licensed€professional€architect€who€had€primary€responsibility€for€theÐ ° Ðjob,€Mark€and€Mary€(M&M)€can€hold€him€personally€liable€for€the€injury€and€damage€caused€byÐ –æ Ðhis€negligence.€€Smith€cannot€hide€behind€the€veil€of€protection€afforded€the€LLC€because€thisÐ |Ì Ðmatter€is€not€concerning€mere€business€losses€ð!ð€this€concerns€his€professional€liability.Ð b² ÐÌò òà  àJones€ó ó€€à ¸ àBecause€Jones€actively€supervised€the€deck€construction,€he€should€beÐ . ~ Ðconsidered€for€personal€liability.€€His€liability€would€depend€on€whether€his€role€was€limited€toÐ  d Ðthat€of€a€supervisor€without€responsibility€for€design€and€subsequent€modifications.€€If€Jones€wasÐ ú J Ðonly€involved€with€supervising€the€construction,€then€he€can€only€be€exposed€to€personalÐ à 0 Ðmalpractice€liability€for€that€aspect.€€He€could€argue€that€merely€supervising€did€not€involve€hisÐ Æ   Ðprofessional€management€as€an€architect,€but€this€seems€like€a€weak€argument€because€M&MÐ ¬ ü  Ðconsented€to€Jonesðð€role€when€they€approved€of€the€assignment.Ð ’â  ÐÌò òà  àBrownó ó€à ¸ àWould€escape€personal€liability€because€he€had€nothing€to€do€withÐ ^®  ÐM&Mððs€deck€design€or€construction.€€He€would€be€liable€for€the€LLCððs€losses,€but€only€up€to€theÐ D”  Ðamount€of€his€investment.Ð *z  ÐÌò òà  àSmithððs€Spouseó ó€€à  àShe€too€would€escape€personal€liability€because€sheððs€not€anÐ öF Ðarchitect€and€merely€an€employee€of€the€firm.€€Nothing€in€the€facts€suggests€she€was€a€member,Ð Ü, Ðand€in€a€company€of€professionals,€only€professionals€can€be€members,€stockholders€or€partners.Ð Â ÐÌò òà  àThe€LLCó óà ¸ àThe€company€is€fully€liable€and€should€be€joined€with€Smith€and€Jones€inÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€suit.Ð tÄ ÐÔ& Ì ÔÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð Zª Ðó óÓ  ÓÔ'ÌZ( ÔÌÑ  Ñà  àThe€first€issue€to€be€discussed€is€the€liability€of€the€LLC.€€Mark€and€Mary€had€their€deckÐ &v Ðdesigned€and€constructed€by€an€LLC€licensed€to€perform€the€professional€service€of€architecturalÐ  \ Ðdesign€and€subsequent€construction.€€An€LLC€is€a€limited€liability€company€which€providesÐ òB Ðlimited€liability€to€its€members€for€the€debts€and€obligations€of€the€LLC.€€Further,€this€questionÐ Ø( Ðinvolves€an€LLC€that€renders€professional€services.€€Such€LLCððs€also€provide€limited€liability€toÐ ¾ Ðtheir€members€but€such€liability€does€not€extend€to€the€negligent€performance€of€professionalÐ ¤ô Ðservices€rendered€by€any€member€of€the€LLC.€€In€such€situations,€the€member€is€liable€for€hisÐ Š Ú Ðown€negligence€to€the€same€extent€as€would€be€if€he€were€a€sole€practitioner.€€In€addition,€theÐ p!À  ÐLLC€is€liable€for€the€membersðð€negligence€but€no€other€member€is€liable€for€any€other€membersððÐ V"¦! Ðnegligence€unless€the€other€member(s)€were€negligent€in€supervising,€controlling€or€participatingÐ <#Œ" Ðwith€that€member.Ð "$r# ÐÑ  ÑÌà  àThus,€the€LLC€would€be€liable€to€Mary€for€her€personal€injuries€and€possibly€liable€toÐ î%>!% Ðboth€Mary€and€Mark€for€any€claim€of€loss€of€consortium€they€might€have.€€Further,€the€LLC€willÐ Ô&$"& Ðbe€liable€for€the€property€damage€and€personal€damage€caused€by€its€membersðð€negligence.Ð º' #' ÐÑ  ÑÌà  àNext,€Smith€is€liable€for€his€own€negligence€in€defectively€designing€and€constructing€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðdeck.€€It€was€stated€earlier,€he€renders€a€professional€service€so€he€will€not€be€liable€for€any€otherÐ l*¼%* Ðdebt€or€obligation€of€the€LLC€but€he€will€be€for€his€own€negligence.€€It€is€clear€from€the€factsÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€the€design€was€defective€and€thus,€he€will€likely€be€held€negligent.€€He€will€be€liable€for€anyÐ 8,ˆ', Ðand€all€harm€actually€and€proximately€caused€by€his€defective€design.€€He€will€also€be€liable€forÐ ° Ðany€harm€caused€by€him€for€negligent€supervision€of€the€construction€of€the€deck.Ð –æ ÐÌà  àJones,€on€the€other€hand,€should€only€be€personally€liable€for€the€harm€flowing€from€hisÐ b² Ðown€negligence.€€The€facts€state€that€he€helped€Smith€supervise€construction€of€the€deck€but€notÐ H˜ Ðthat€he€designed€it€at€all.€€Thus,€Jones€should€be€liable€only€for€his€own€negligence€in€supervisingÐ . ~ Ðthe€construction.Ð  d ÐÌà  àBrown€should€not€be€held€liable€for€any€of€the€harm€caused€by€the€negligence€of€SmithÐ à 0 Ðand€Jones.€€An€LLC€provides€limited€liability€to€members€for€the€negligence€of€other€membersÐ Æ   Ð(as€was€noted€earlier)€and€the€facts€indicate€that€Brown€entered€the€LLC€after€completion€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðdeck€and€after€the€other€membersðð€negligence€occurred€which€caused€the€harm€to€Mark€andÐ ’â  ÐMary.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àFinally,€Smithððs€spouse€should€not€be€liable€unless€she€somehow€negligently€supervisedÐ D”  Ðor€hired€either€negligent€member€which€the€facts€make€no€indication€of.€€Thus,€as€was€the€caseÐ *z  Ðwith€Brown,€Smithððs€wife€should€be€protected€from€personal€liability€by€the€LLC€status€of€theÐ ` Ðcompany.Ð öF ÐÔ#†9X¼aXX4X¼a~ó#ÔÔ‡EXïXX9X¼aÔò òÌó óÌÐ  ¶ Ðò òÔ#†9X¼aXXEXï¤#ÔÔ‡4X¼aXX9X¼aÔà@’’:ìàQUESTION€8ˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà  àMike€owned€a€three€acre€parcel€of€land€in€Carroll€County,€Maryland.€€On€January€31,Ð |Ì Ð1970,€Mike€conveyed€to€Olive€one€acre€of€the€parcel€that€contained€an€underground€spring€€(theÐ b² Ðð ðSpring€Parcelðð).€€In€the€deed€conveying€the€Spring€Parcel€to€Olive,€Mike€reserved€for€himself,Ð H˜ Ðand€his€heirs€and€assigns,€to€use€jointly€with€Olive,€and€her€heirs€and€assigns,€the€right€to€useÐ . ~ Ðwater€from€the€spring€and€the€right€of€ingress€and€egress€from€the€Spring€Parcel€to€obtain€theÐ  d Ðwater.€Ð ú J ÐÌà  àOn€May€17,€1972,€Mike€conveyed€the€remaining€two€acres€(the€ð ðDry€Parcelðð)€to€Xavier,Ð Æ   Ðtogether€with€all€rights,€roads,€waters€and€ways€belonging€thereto.€€Xavier€used€the€water€fromÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Spring€Parcel€on€a€daily€basis€because€the€Dry€Parcelððs€only€source€of€water€was€from€theÐ ’â  ÐSpring€Parcel.€€On€March€22,€1975,€Olive€conveyed€the€Spring€Parcel€to€Kay.€€In€April€1975,Ð xÈ  ÐKay€orally€granted€Xavier€permission€to€construct€an€underground€waterline€that€would€run€fromÐ ^®  Ðthe€spring€to€the€Dry€Parcel.€€Xavier€completed€construction€of€and€commenced€operation€of€theÐ D”  Ðwaterline€on€June€6,€1975.€€On€January€19,€1993,€Xavier€sold€the€Dry€Parcel€to€Hilary.€€HilaryÐ *z  Ðused€the€waterline€and€the€water€from€the€spring€continuously€until€July€25,€1994,€when€KayÐ ` Ðcapped€the€waterline€on€the€Spring€Parcel.€€As€a€result,€the€use€of€the€water€from€the€spring€wasÐ öF Ðstopped.€€Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àOn€August€1,€1994,€Hilary€filed€suit€for€injunctive€relief€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€CarrollÐ ¨ø ÐCounty,€Maryland€claiming€the€right€to€use€the€water€from€the€spring€without€interference€orÐ ŽÞ Ðobstruction€by€Kay.Ð tÄ ÐÌò òà  àHow€should€the€trial€court€rule?€Explain€the€reasons€for€the€ruling.ó óÐ @ ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð  \ ÐÓ XÓó óÓ  ÓÐ òB ÐThe€trial€court€should€rule€for€Hilary.Ð Ø( ÐÐ ¾ ÐA€prescriptive€easement€can€be€acquired€if€one€follows€the€steps€similar€to€adverseÐ ¤ô Ðpossession.Ð Š Ú ÐÐ p!À  ÐThe€use€of€the€water€from€Spring€Parcel€must€meet€the€following€requirements€in€orderÐ V"¦! Ðfor€a€prescriptive€easement€to€result.Ð <#Œ" ÐÐ "$r# ÐHostile€ð!ð€the€use€must€be€adverse€to€the€owner,€and€permission€granted€will€negate€thisÐ %X $ Ðelement.€€Xavier€began€to€use€the€water€in€1972.€€When€Kay€obtained€Spring€Parcel€she€grantedÐ î%>!% ÐXavier€oral€permission€to€construct€the€waterline€to€use€the€water.€€This€grant€of€permission€mayÐ Ô&$"& Ðnegate€the€hostility€requirement€as€will€be€discussed€later.€€Ð º' #' ÐÐ  (ð#( ÐUninterrupted€ð!ð€the€use€must€be€continuous€and€uninterrupted.€€Xavier€used€the€waterÐ †)Ö$) Ðòòdailyóó€starting€in€1972.€€Hilary€used€the€water€òòcontinuouslyóó€from€January€1993€to€July€1994.€€ThisÐ l*¼%* Ðelement€is€met€with€the€use€of€tacking€Hilaryððs€and€Xavierððs€time€as€permitted€through€color€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðtitle.€Ð 8,ˆ', ЇLasting€ð!ð€the€use€must€continue€for€the€required€statutory€period€of€twenty€years.€€TheÐ ° Ðwater€use€began€in€May€1972€and€continued€through€July€1994,€20€years€has€been€satisfied.Ð –æ ÐÐ |Ì ÐExclusive€ð!ð€use€must€be€exclusive.Ð b² ÐClaim€of€right€ð!ð€Hilaryððs€right€is€claimed€through€predecessors€in€title.Ð H˜ ÐÓ?+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °XX?ÓÐ . ~ ÐKayððs€permission€to€construct€the€waterline€was€given€orally.€€Any€interest€in€land€mustÐ  d Ðbe€òòwrittenóó€in€order€to€satisfy€the€òòStatute€of€Fraudsóó.€€The€Statute€of€Frauds€requires€special€proofÐ ú J Ðfor€deals€concerning€land.€€Since€the€permission€was€not€reduced€to€a€writing,€Hilary€may€assertÐ à 0 Ðthat€permission€was€not€granted,€thus€hostile,€so€the€elements€have€been€satisfied€and€she€has€aÐ Æ   Ðrightful€use€to€the€water.€€She€will€argue€the€use€continued€adversely€(because€there€was€noÐ ¬ ü  Ðpermission€because€it€was€oral)€for€20€years.€€Thus,€Hilary€may€be€able€to€prevail.Ð ’â  ÐÐ xÈ  ÐÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð ^®  Ðó óÓ  ÓÐ D”  ÐMike€properly€reserved€for€himself€and€his€heirs€and€assigns€two€easements€in€the€SpringÐ *z  ÐParcel.€€Mike€has€an€express€easement€in€the€use€of€Spring€Parcelððs€water,€and€an€expressÐ ` Ðeasement€to€enter€Spring€Parcel€to€obtain€the€water.€€These€easements€were€in€writing€andÐ öF Ðproperly€recorded,€and€so€they€satisfied€the€Statute€of€Frauds.Ð Ü, ÐÐ Â ÐBoth€easements€touch€and€concern€the€subservient€estate€(Spring€Parcel),€and€theyÐ ¨ø Ðtherefore€survive€Oliverððs€transfer€of€the€Spring€Parcel€to€Kay.€€Therefore,€Kayððs€Spring€ParcelÐ ŽÞ Ðwas€still€subject€to€both€easements€when€she€turned€off€the€waterline.Ð tÄ ÐÐ Zª ÐThis€is€not€yet€a€victory€for€Hilary€however.€€As€the€dominant€estate,€Dry€Parcel€passedÐ @ Ðto€Xavier€and€then€to€Hilary€with€the€right€to€enjoy€both€easements.Ð &v ÐÐ  \ ÐÑ  ÑBut,€when€Kay€granted€Xavier€permission€to€run€a€waterline€underground,€a€newÐ òB Ðeasement€was€attempted.€€The€permission€was€oral€and€not€limited€to€a€year€or€less,€and€thereforeÐ Ø( Ðdoes€not€meet€the€Statute€of€Frauds.€€Any€transfer€of€an€interest€in€real€property€for€a€duration€ofÐ ¾ Ðmore€than€a€year€is€òòsubject€to€the€Statute€of€Fraudsóó.Ð ¤ô ÐÑ  ÑÐ Š Ú ÐÑ  ÑThe€Statute€of€Frauds€is€not€satisfied€here€because€there€is€not€written€evidence€of€theÐ p!À  Ðpermission,€nor€has€the€permission€been€properly€òòrecordedóó€according€to€Marylandððs€recordingÐ V"¦! Ðstatute.Ð <#Œ" ÐÑ  ÑÐ "$r# ÐÑ  ÑThough€not€subject€to€an€easement,€the€water€pipe€was€openly€and€continuously€in€useÐ %X $ Ðfor€more€than€20€years.€€Hilary€can€not€claim€an€òòeasement€by€prescriptionóó€however,€because€KayÐ î%>!% Ðgave€her€permission€to€Xavier€to€construct€and€use€the€pipeline.€€There€being€no€adversity€toÐ Ô&$"& ÐXavierððs€and€later€Hilaryððs€use€of€the€pipeline,€neither€gained€a€prescriptive€easement.Ð º' #' ÐÑ  ÑÐ  (ð#( ÐThe€result,€then,€is€that€Kay€was€within€her€rights€to€turn€the€water€pipeline€off.€€AsÐ †)Ö$) Ðexplained€above,€however,€Hilary€does€retain€an€easement€in€the€use€of€Spring€Parcelððs€water,€asÐ l*¼%* Ðwell€as€an€easement€for€ingress€and€egress€to€enter€Kayððs€property€to€get€the€water.€€While€sheÐ R+¢&+ Ðmay€not€use€the€pipeline,€Hilary€can€carry€all€the€buckets€of€water€she€needs€off€Spring€Parcel.Ð 8,ˆ', ЇBut€Hilary€would€likely€win€on€a€claim€for€an€implied€easement€by€necessity,€since€theÐ ° Ðwater€pipeline€is€the€only€source€of€water€for€Dry€Parcel,€and€was€transferred€from€a€commonÐ –æ Ðgrantor,€Mike.Ð |Ì ÐÐ b² ÐÑ  ÑThe€court€should€rule€Hilary€has€an€òòimpliedóó€easement€in€the€use€of€the€pipeline,€and€grantÐ H˜ ÐHilaryððs€request€for€injunctive€relief.Ð . ~ ÐÓ XÓÌÌÔ#†9X¼aXX4X¼a#ÔÔ‡EXïXX9X¼aÔÐ  à 0 ÐÔ#†9X¼aXXEXïŠ9#ÔÒe°ÒÑ€NïWÑà@ll:Æàò òQUESTION€9ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àSince€1995,€First€Company€(the€ð ðCompanyðð)€has€deposited€all€net€income€in€an€account€atÐ |Ì ÐMaryland€Bank€(the€ð ðBankðð).€€The€deposit€is€governed€by€an€agreement€between€the€partiesÐ b² Ðcalled€a€Guaranteed€Investment€Contract€(the€ð ðGICðð).€€Company€has€earned€6%€annually€on€theÐ H˜ Ðfunds€in€the€GIC€account€since€1995.€€As€of€February€20,€2002,€the€balance€in€the€account€wasÐ . ~ Ð$85€million.Ð  d ÐÌà ½ àOn€that€day,€the€Company€received€a€letter€from€the€Bank€stating€that€the€Bank€believedÐ à 0 Ðthat€it€is€required€to€invest€no€more€than€$10€million€in€the€GIC€account.€€The€Bank€offered€toÐ Æ   Ðinvest€the€remaining€balance€in€accounts€with€a€3%€rate€of€return.€€The€resulting€reduction€in€cashÐ ¬ ü  Ðflow€will€jeopardize€the€Companyððs€ability€to€stay€in€business.€€The€Companyððs€managementÐ ’â  Ðwishes€to€force€the€Bank€to€continue€to€invest€the€entire€amount€pursuant€to€the€GIC.€€They€haveÐ xÈ  Ðretained€you,€a€Maryland€attorney,€to€review€the€matter€and€advise€the€Company.Ð ^®  ÐÌà ½ àAfter€reviewing€the€pertinent€material,€you€ascertain€the€following:€€Ð *z  ÐÌÓ€ J(+Î48HÓò ò1.ó óà ½ àThe€GIC€is€dated€February€1,€1995€and€terminates€on€January€31,€2005.€€It€requires€theÐ öF ÐBank€to€invest€all€ð ðFundsðð€received€from€the€Company€at€a€guaranteed€rate€of€6%.€€The€GICÐ Ü, Ðdefines€Funds€as€ð ðan€amount€not€to€exceed€the€net€income€earned€by€the€Company€in€1995ðð.€€TheÐ Â Ðtotal€amount€deposited€in€1995€was€$10€million€dollars.€€The€additional€$75€million€dollarsÐ ¨ø Ðrepresents€income€received€by€the€Company€after€1995.€€The€GIC€does€not€require€the€CompanyÐ ŽÞ Ðto€invest€all€income€in€the€GIC€but€the€Company€has€done€this€since€1995.Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ<(` ` Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°°ŒX<Óò ò2.ó óà ‘ àThe€GIC€was€awarded€to€the€Bank€after€a€competitive€bidding€process.€€The€bid€specificationsÐ @ Ðstated€that€the€successful€bidder€ð ðshall€invest€all€funds€deposited€by€the€Company€after€FebruaryÐ &v Ð1,€1995€at€a€guaranteed€rate€of€return€of€6%ðð.€€The€bid€specifications€were€incorporated€into€theÐ  \ ÐGIC€as€an€exhibit.Ð òB ÐÌÓ?(` ` Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!` ` Œ ŠX?Óò ò3.ó óà ‘ àThe€GIC€contains€a€provision€setting€a€$100€million€dollar€ð ðcapðð€on€the€amount€of€Funds€toÐ ¾ Ðbe€invested€under€the€GIC.€€Correspondence€indicates€that€the€Bank€required€this€provision€andÐ ¤ô Ðthat€the€amount€of€the€cap€was€negotiated€between€the€parties€and€their€respective€counsel.€€Ð Š Ú ÐÌÓ?(` ` Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!` ` Œ ŠX?Óò ò4.ó óà ‘ àThe€amount€invested€annually€under€the€GIC€has€exceeded€$10€million€dollars€consistentlyÐ V"¦! Ðsince€1996.€€Until€the€recent€decline€in€interest€rates,€the€GIC€was€very€profitable€for€the€BankÐ <#Œ" Ðbecause€it€was€able€to€obtain€a€rate€of€return€in€excess€of€six€percent.Ð "$r# ÐÌÓ?(` ` Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!` ` Œ ŠX?Óò ò5.ó óà ‘ àThe€GIC€is€the€only€agreement€between€the€Bank€and€the€Company.€€It€contains€clausesÐ î%>!% Ðstating€that€all€prior€and€contemporaneous€agreements€merge€into€the€GIC,€that€the€GIC€is€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðentire€agreement€between€the€parties,€that€the€GIC€only€may€be€modified€by€a€written€instrumentÐ º' #' Ðsigned€by€both€parties€and€that€the€GIC€is€governed€by€Maryland€law.€€It€was€prepared€by€lawyersÐ  (ð#( Ðfor€the€Bank€but€lawyers€for€the€Company€were€active€in€the€negotiation€of€the€GIC.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!` ` Œ ŠXBÓÓ XÓò òBased€on€these€facts,€what€arguments€can€be€made€that€the€Bank€is€required€to€investÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€entire€$85€million€pursuant€to€the€GIC?ó óÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÑNïWÑâ NâÑe°Ñâ NâÑ  ÑÐ ° Ðà@4Æàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWERó ó€ò ò1ó óˆÐ –æ Ðà@ÆÆ?ÆàˆÌThe€parol€evidence€rule€forbids€the€use€of€extrinsic€evidence€in€a€contract€dispute€whereÐ b² Ðthe€contract€on€its€face€is€clear€and€purports€to€be€a€complete€agreement€among€the€parties.€€TheÐ H˜ Ðcontract€has€a€provision€which€precludes€modification€by€oral€agreement.€€Both€partiesÐ . ~ Ðparticipated€in€the€negotiations€and€reviewed€it€before€signing€it.€€The€problem€arises€not€fromÐ  d Ðprovision€which€one€party€claims€not€to€be€in€the€contract,€per€se,€but€from€contradictoryÐ ú J Ðlanguage€in€the€document.€€The€basic€dispute€is€whether€the€bank€should€be€required€to€invest€theÐ à 0 Ðentire€$85€million€in€the€account.€€The€agreement€calls€for€the€bank€to€invest€ð ðan€amount€not€toÐ Æ   Ðexceed€the€net€income€earned€by€the€company€in€1995.ðð€€In€1995€the€company€invested€$10Ð ¬ ü  Ðmillion.€€The€bank€will€argue€that€this€limits€the€amount€of€investment€to€$10€million€per€yearÐ ’â  Ðbetween€February€1,€1995€and€January€31,€2005.€€This€agreement€is€further€contradicted€by€theÐ xÈ  Ðcontractððs€very€own€words.€€The€contract€goes€on€to€say€that€the€bank€ð ðshall€invest€all€foundsÐ ^®  Ðdeposited€by€the€Company€after€February€1,€1995€at€a€guaranteed€rate€of€return€of€6%.ðð€€TheÐ D”  Ðlanguage,€I€would€argue,€is€without€quantifying€language€as€to€any€kind€of€limitation€on€the€Ð *z  Ðamount€to€be€invested.€€It€simply€says€all.€€I€would€also€argue€that€the€GIC€contains€a€capÐ ` Ðprovision€which€limits€the€amount€of€funds€to€be€invested€under€the€GIC€to€$100,000,000.00.€Ð öF ÐThe€current€balance€of€the€account€is€now€at€$85€million.€€That€is€$15€million€below€the€cap.€€TheÐ Ü, Ðcap€has€not€been€exceeded,€therefore€the€bank€is€contractually€obligated€to€invest€the€entire€$85Ð Â Ðmillion€at€6%€return,€consistent€with€the€agreement.€€I€would€also€argue€the€bank€is€estopped€fromÐ ¨ø Ðnow€trying€to€invoke€any€kind€of€prophylactic€cap€on€the€investment,€since€the€Company€has€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðconsistently€depositing€more€than€$10€million€per€year€but€because€the€bank€was€getting€a€greaterÐ tÄ Ðthen€6%€return,€they€did€not€raise€the€issue€regarding€the€ð ðexcessive€deposits.ðð€€It€is€only€now€thatÐ Zª Ðno€rate€of€return€greater€then€3%€can€be€found,€that€the€bank€seeks€to€arbitrarily€invoke€a€limit€onÐ @ Ðthe€amounts.€€The€GIC€is€the€only€writing€and€the€only€evidence€of€a€contract€between€the€parties.€Ð &v ÐThe€court€is€bound€by€the€clear€language€of€the€agreement€and€where€contradictions€arise,€thoseÐ  \ Ðcontradictions€should€be€reconciled€in€the€Companyððs€favor,€for€the€reasons€stated€above.Ð òB ÐÐ Ø( Ðà@4Æàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ ¾ ÐÐ ¤ô ÐThe€company€and€the€bank€have€a€contract€between€them€known€as€a€GIC.€€It€states€withinÐ Š Ú Ðthe€GIC€that€it€is€a€complete€agreement,€so€the€contract€is€a€complete€integration€and€generally€noÐ p!À  Ðadditional€terms€can€be€incorporated€as€per€the€parol€evidence€rule.€€There€does€not€appear€toÐ V"¦! Ðhave€been€any€unequal€bargaining€power€on€the€part€of€either€party€as€both€sides€had€legal€teamsÐ <#Œ" Ðreview€the€document.€€So€the€terms€of€the€contract€itself€must€be€reviewed€in€detail.Ð "$r# ÐÐ %X $ ÐIf€there€are€ambiguities€in€the€contract€as€to€a€material€term,€parol€evidence€may€beÐ î%>!% Ðallowed€to€clarify€even€if€the€contract€is€a€complete€integration.€€Obviously,€the€rate€of€returnÐ Ô&$"& Ðguaranteed€is€material€to€the€contract.€€The€bank€made€the€amount€of€funds€to€be€deposited€aÐ º' #' Ðmaterial€term€by€insisting€on€a€negotiated€cap.€€That€cap€is€in€direct€conflict€with€the€amountÐ  (ð#( Ðinferred€under€the€definition€of€funds.€€So,€the€argument€can€be€made€that€parol€evidence€of€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðamount€invested€annually€since€1996€should€be€considered€to€determine€the€correct€interpretationÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âof€the€material€term,€ultimately€showing€that€the€bank€has€consistently€invested€more€than€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðamount€as€defined€under€ð ðFundsðð,€and€should€therefore€have€to€continue€to€act€in€the€sameÐ ° Ðmanner€by€investing€the€entire€$85M.Ð –æ Ðâ âÐ  |Ì Ðà@:::Æàò òQUESTION€10ó óˆÐ ° ÐÐ –æ ÐGeorge€is€an€employee€of€the€Acme€Corporation.€€His€job€is€to€make€outside€sales€calls€toÐ |Ì ÐAcmeððs€customers.€€As€a€condition€of€his€employment,€George€is€required€to€use€his€automobile.€Ð b² ÐAcme€provides€a€monthly€car€allowance€to€George€to€cover€his€use€of€the€car€for€businessÐ H˜ Ðpurposes.Ð . ~ ÐÐ  d ÐOn€Monday,€October€28,€2001,€George€was€driving€to€work€in€his€automobile.€€On€hisÐ ú J Ðway€to€work,€George€picked€up€Hapless,€a€hitchhiker€seeking€a€ride€to€the€same€neighborhood€asÐ à 0 Ðthe€Acme€office.€€While€driving,€George€attempted€to€make€a€left€turn€at€an€intersectionÐ Æ   Ðcontrolled€by€a€traffic€light.€€During€the€turn,€a€vehicle€driven€by€Reckless€who€was€coming€fromÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€opposite€direction€struck€Georgeððs€vehicle.€€The€accident€caused€serious€injuries€to€Reckless,Ð ’â  ÐGeorge€and€Hapless.Ð xÈ  ÐÐ ^®  ÐAn€on„duty€police€officer€witnessed€the€accident.€€She€investigated€immediately€and€wroteÐ D”  Ða€report€stating€that€George€violated€the€State€Motor€Vehicle€Law€by€making€a€left€turn€before€theÐ *z  Ðintersection€was€clear,€but€that€Reckless€had€failed€to€avoid€the€collision€because€he€wasÐ ` Ðintoxicated€and€speeding.Ð öF ÐÐ Ü, Ðà@¨¨<Æàò òòòPart€Aóóó óˆÐ  ÐÐ ¨ø ÐOn€February€1,€2002,€George€files€a€lawsuit€against€Reckless€and€demands€a€jury€trial€inÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€proper€Maryland€Circuit€Court.Ð tÄ ÐÐ Zª Ðò òÔ_ÔiÔ_Ô.€€What€factual€and€legal€arguments€will€George€advance€to€support€his€claims?€Ð @ ÐDiscuss.Ð &v ÐÐ  \ ÐÓ€ L(à84JÓii.€€What€factual€and€legal€arguments€will€Reckless€advance€to€support€his€defenses?€Ð òB ÐDiscuss.Ð Ø( Ðó óÔ‡4X¼aXX9X¼aÔÐ ¾ Ðà@®®<Æàòòò òPart€Bó óóóˆÐ ¤ô ÐÐ Š Ú ÐHapless€has€also€brought€a€lawsuit€against€Reckless,€George€and€Acme€alleging€RecklessÐ p!À  Ðand€George€were€both€negligent€and€that€George€was€acting€as€an€employee€of€Acme.Ð V"¦! ÐÐ <#Œ" Ðò òWhat€defenses€could€Acme€raise€under€the€facts€stated€above?ó óÐ "$r# ÐÐ %X $ Ðà@4Æàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óòòˆÐ î%>!% ÐóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÐ º' #' ÐÓ€ P(º½88LÓò òAà  àÔ_ÔiÔ_Ô.€€€€€€€€€€€ó óGeorge€will€most€likely€argue€that€Reckless€was€driving€negligently.€€HeÐ  (ð#( Ðwill€argue€that€Reckless€had€a€duty€to€drive€safely,€breached€that€duty€by€driving€into€him,€that€hisÐ †)Ö$) Ðinjuries€were€actually€and€legally€caused€by€Reckless€and€that€his€damages€are€his€injuries€andÐ l*¼%* Ðharm€to€his€car.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àò òii.ó óà m àReckless€will€argue€that€George€was€contributory€negligent.€€UnfortunatelyÐ ° Ðfor€George,€Maryland€retains€this€doctrine€that€provides€that€if€a€party€was€at€all€negligent,€even€ifÐ –æ Ðfar€less€so€than€the€defendant,€then€the€plaintiff€is€denied€all€damages€for€that€event.€€SinceÐ |Ì ÐGeorge€turned€across€traffic,€as€the€officer€testified,€George€should€be€denied€recovery.Ð b² ÐÐ H˜ ÐHowever,€to€take€the€sting€out€of€the€harsh€consequences€of€contributory€negligence,€thereÐ . ~ Ðis€the€doctrine€of€last€clear€chance.€€George€can,€and€will€likely€be€successful€in€the€claim€thatÐ  d Ðwhile€George€may€have€been€contributory€negligent,€Reckless€had€the€last€clear€chance€to€avoidÐ ú J Ðthe€accident.€€As€George€was€turned€on€his€side€(presumably€as€he€was€turning)€and€Reckless€wasÐ à 0 Ðpresumably€looking€straight€ahead,€Reckless€should€have€seen,€slowed€down€or€otherwiseÐ Æ   Ðavoided€Georgeððs€turning€car.€€Reckless€had€the€last€clear€chance€and€George€will€likely€recover,Ð ¬ ü  Ðnotwithstanding€his€contributory€negligence.Ð ’â  ÐÐ xÈ  Ðò òB.ó óà  àAcme€could€argue€that€while€the€car€was€somewhat€supported€by€his€monthly€carÐ ^®  Ðallowance,€George€was€not€at€that€time€within€the€scope€of€his€employment.€€George€was€on€hisÐ D”  Ðway€to€work€but€was€not€at€his€job€yet.€€He€was€not€driving€to€see€a€client€or€customer.€€PrincipalsÐ *z  Ðare€only€liable€for€their€agentsðð€negligence€while€they€are€within€the€scope€of€their€employment.€Ð ` ÐIt€is€a€strong€argument€that€a€company€should€not€be€liable€for€the€actions€of€their€agents€as€theyÐ öF Ðare€coming€and€going€to€their€assignments,€or€work.€€This€would€expose€all€companies€to€tooÐ Ü, Ðmuch€liability€and€would€likely€end€in€unjust€results.€€While€an€argument€could€be€made€thatÐ Â ÐGeorgeððs€trip€to€work€is€ð ðrequiredðð€to€get€there,€it€is€too€weak€to€argue€that€is€within€the€scope.€Ð ¨ø ÐGeorge€is€simply€not€working€yet.€€Acme€would€not€be€liable.Ð ŽÞ ÐÐ tÄ Ðò òà@3ÆàòòREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€2ˆÐ Zª ÐóóÐ @ Ðó óòòóóÐ &v ÐÓ€ U(Ú½88PÓò òÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚D3£)uÝÔ2Ú½ÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔiÔ_Ô.ó óà0m  (# (#àFactual€and€Legal€arguments€by€George.݃D3£)uVu݌Р\m (#m (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ òB ÐGeorge€will€argue€that€Reckless€was€negligent,€that€he€(Reckless)€has€a€duty€to€driveÐ Ø( Ðsafely€on€the€public€roads,€that€Reckless€breached€his€duty€when€he€failed€to€yield€and€wasÐ ¾ Ðdriving€while€intoxicated,€that€but€for€his€failure€to€drive€safely€George€would€not€have€sustainedÐ ¤ô Ðinjuries€or€damage€to€his€car.Ð Š Ú ÐÐ p!À  ÐGeorge€will€argue€that€he€was€driving€safely€and€abiding€by€driving€rules€so€that€he€didÐ V"¦! Ðnot€contribute€in€any€way€to€the€accident.Ð <#Œ" ÐÐ "$r# ÐFinally,€George€would€also€argue€that€Reckless€who€was€driving€at€a€high€rate€of€speedÐ %X $ Ðand€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€had€the€Last€Clear€Chance€to€avoid€the€accident€but€failed€toÐ î%>!% Ðdo€so€given€his€intoxicated€state€at€high€rate€of€speed.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÐ º' #' Ðà  àò òii.ó óà0 m àòòFactual/Legal€claims€of€RecklessóóР(ð#(m (#m (# ÐÐ †)Ö$) ÐReckless€will€assert€that€George€was€not€abiding€by€Maryland€State€Law€when€he€illegallyÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âtook€the€left€hand€turn.€€Reckless€will€probably€refer€to€the€on€duty€police€officerððs€report.€€TheÐ R+¢&+ Ðpolice€officer€who€allegedly€witnessed€the€accident€would€say€that€George€violated€the€StateÐ ° ÐMotor€Vehicle€Law.Ð –æ Ðâ âà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í àà % àà } àÌThus,€Reckless€would€aver€that€George€was€negligent€having€a€duty€to€drive€safely,Ð b² Ðbreached€that€duty€when€he€took€the€left€hand€turn€into€oncoming€traffic,€and€that€but€forÐ H˜ ÐGeorgeððs€negligence€he,€Reckless,€would€not€have€sustained€injury.Ð . ~ ÐÐ  d ÐAt€the€very€least,€he€would€argue€that€George€was€contributorily€negligent€and€thatÐ ú J ÐReckless€could€not€do€anything€to€avoid€the€accident.Ð à 0 ÐÐ Æ   ÐØ! !ØÓ€ W( 88UÓò òB.ó óà0  àAcmeððs€defenses€against€a€suit€by€Hapless.Ь ü  (# (# ÐÐ ’â  Ðò òÔ_ÔiÔ_Ô.ó óà  àOn€behalf€of€Acme,€I€would€argue€that€George€was€not€acting€within€the€scope€ofÐ xÈ  Ðhis€employment€or€for€business€purposes€when€he€picked€Hapless€the€hitchhiker€up.Ð ^®  ÐÐ D”  Ðà  àUnder€Respondeat€Superior,€I€would€argue€that€Acme€is€only€responsible€forÐ *z  Ðactivities€that€occur€during€the€scope€of€employment€and€that€driving€to€and€from€home€is€notÐ ` Ðwithin€that€scope.Ð öF ÐÐ Ü, Ðò òii.à  àó óFinally,€Acme€could€argue€that€the€business€allowance€for€transportation€is€onlyÐ Â Ðfor€business€purposes€and€that€picking€up€a€hitchhiker€is€NOT€a€business€purpose€or€has€nothingÐ ¨ø Ðto€do€with€Georgeððs€employment.Ð ŽÞ ÐÐ tÄ Ðà  àThus,€Acme€could€not€be€held€liable€for€Georgeððs€actions.Ð Zª ÐÐ @ ÐÐ &v ÐÐ  \ ÐÐ òB ÐÐ Ø( ÐÐ ¾ ÐÐ ¤ô ÐÔ#†9X¼aXX4X¼a„f#Ôà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í àà % àà } àà Õ àÐ  Š Ú Ðà@:::Æàò òQUESTION€11ó óˆÐ ° ÐÐ –æ ÐThe€State€of€Maryland€is€trying€to€recruit€and€retain€the€most€efficient,€professionalÐ |Ì Ðemployees€to€work€for€its€various€agencies.€€Therefore,€a€dress€policy€has€been€established.€€AtÐ b² Ðthe€request€of€the€Executive€Branch,€the€Maryland€Legislature€enacted€legislation€that€provides€aÐ H˜ Ðdress€code€for€its€employees.€€The€legislation€prohibits€State€employees€from€wearing€theÐ . ~ Ðfollowing€items€of€clothing:€ð ðtee„shirts,€shorts,€jeans,€miniskirts,€clothes€with€lettering€orÐ  d Ðwording,€or€clothing€determined€to€be€offensive€to€others.ðð€€The€legislation€also€provides€thatÐ ú J Ðviolations€of€the€dress€code€will€result€in€immediate€termination.Ð à 0 ÐÐ Æ   ÐDuring€the€course€of€the€year,€the€following€State€employees€were€terminated€for€violatingÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€dress€code:Ð ’â  ÐÐ xÈ  ÐÓ€ `DRYZ[\]^_(ˆÁy8WÓÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚D3£$‰ÝÔ2ˆÁÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝJack,€and€accountant,€is€also€a€minister€in€a€recognized€denomination.€€Jack€wasÐ ^®  Ðadmonished€and€terminated€for€wearing€casual€shirts€with€a€cross€visibly€sewnÐ D”  Ðonto€the€outside€of€the€pocket€with€the€words€ð ðIn€God€we€trustðð€emblazonedÐ *z  Ðunderneath€the€cross.€€An€atheist€and€fellow€employee€told€Jackððs€supervisor€thatÐ ` Ðhe€found€the€shirt€offensive.€€The€supervisor€told€Jack€he€could€continue€to€wearÐ öF Ðthe€shirt€if€the€lettering€was€removed.€€Jack€pointed€out€that€Bill,€also€inÐ Ü, Ðaccounting,€had€the€same€cross€and€wording€visibly€tattooed€on€his€forearm,€butÐ Â Ðhas€never€been€admonished€or€otherwise€disciplined.€€Jack€continued€to€wear€hisÐ ¨ø Ðshirt€and€was€terminated.݃D3£$‰Q‰ÝŒÐŽÞ (# (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ tÄ ÐÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚D3£,ÝÔ2ˆÁÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMike,€an€intern,€frequently€wore€a€purple€and€gold€vest€worn€by€a€notorious€localÐ Zª Ðgang,€of€which€he€is€a€member.€€Recognizing€the€vest€as€the€official€gang€vest,€aÐ @ Ðnumber€of€employees€expressed€fear€and€concern€about€Mike€even€though€MikeÐ &v Ðwas€an€exemplary€and€friendly€employee.€€Mike€continued€to€wear€the€vest€andÐ  \ Ðwas€eventually€terminated.݃D3£,YÝŒÐòB (# (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ Ø( ÐÝ"‚D3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚D3£ÝÔ2ˆÁÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMary€is€a€world€famous€dress€designer.€€Mary€is€not€an€employee€of€the€State,Ð ¾ Ðhowever€she€pays€her€friend€Sue,€a€State€employee,€to€wear€her€designs€which€allÐ ¤ô Ðcarry€her€signature€letter€ð ðMðð€on€them.€€Sue€has€a€highly€visible€job€and€aÐ Š Ú Ðreputation€for€being€stylish.€€Other€State€employees€see€Sue€and€want€to€wearÐ p!À  ÐMaryððs€designer€dresses€to€work,€but€cannot€because€the€signature€letter€is€onÐ V"¦! Ðthem.€€A€competitorððs€dress€is€similar€to€Maryððs€but€instead€of€the€ð ðMðð€thoseÐ <#Œ" Ðdresses€have€an€ð ð!ðð€symbol€on€them.€€State€employees€have€worn€the€competitorððsÐ "$r# Ðdress€with€no€ramifications.€€Despite€being€admonished,€Sue€continued€to€wearÐ %X $ ÐMaryððs€dresses€and€was€terminated.݃D3£ÊÝŒÐî%>!% (# (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ Ô&$"& ÐMary€and€the€three€(3)€state€employees€come€to€see€you,€an€experienced€and€duly€licensedÐ º' #' ÐMaryland€attorney,€and€ask€you€to€represent€them€in€an€action€against€the€State€for€theÐ  (ð#( Ðemployeesðð€terminations.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÐ l*¼%* Ðò òWhat€legal€arguments€would€you€make€for€Jack,€Mike,€Sue€and€Mary?€€DiscussÐ R+¢&+ Ðfully.ó óÐ 8,ˆ', ЇÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓB.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ÜÜŒXBÓÝ‚bÿÿÿ^•ÝÝ  Ýò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó ó݃bÿÿ^•þ•݌Р° ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÝ‚bÿÿÿ¶–ÝÝ  Ý݃bÿÿ¶–—݌Р–æ ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓA€conflict€of€interest€may€arise€when€an€attorney€is€asked€to€represent€more€than€oneÐ |Ì Ðclient€in€a€particular€case.€€A€lawyer€must€not€represent€two€persons€who€may€have€adverseÐ b² Ðinterests.€€Here,€Jack€(J),€Mike€(M),€Sue€(S),€and€Mary€(My)€must€be€informed€that€they€shouldÐ H˜ Ðseek€independent€counsel,€but€may€consent€to€my€representing€each€after€consultation.Ð . ~ ÐÐ  d ÐIn€order€to€proceed€with€the€claims€one€must€have€standing.€€Standing€to€sue€is€obtainedÐ ú J Ðwhen€one€has€actual,€personal€harm€resulting€from€the€violation.€€Here€J,€M€and€S€have€standingÐ à 0 Ðbut€My€does€not,€as€she€is€not€the€one€who€is€prevented€from€wearing€her€designs.Ð Æ   ÐÐ ¬ ü  ЀA€litigant€may€not€generally€sue€the€State€directly€for€their€claims.€€The€matters€wouldÐ ’â  Ðhave€to€be€adjudicated€at€a€State€agency€for€employee€complaints.€€However,€the€three€may€sueÐ xÈ  Ðon€constitutional€grounds.€€The€1òòstóó/14òòthóó€Amendments€guarantee€free€speech,€exercise€and€assemblyÐ ^®  Ðwith€limited€exceptions.€€Speech,€as€a€rule,€may€not€be€restricted€unless€it€is€unprotected€(fightingÐ D”  Ðwords€or€obscenity).€€Here€the€legislation€restricts€lettering€and€wording€determined€to€beÐ *z  Ðoffensive€to€others.€€The€Equal€Protection€Clause€prohibits€the€government€from€making€undueÐ ` Ðrestrictions€on€a€certain€class€of€people.€€Here€people€at€these€agencies€are€having€their€attire€andÐ öF Ðspeech€restricted.€€Under€the€Equal€Protection€Clause€(14òòthóó€Amendment)€this€is€a€restriction€of€aÐ Ü, Ðfundamental€right€(expression/speech)€and€would€be€analyzed€under€the€strict€scrutiny€test.€€HereÐ Â Ðthe€State€would€have€the€burden€to€show€that€the€restriction€was€necessary€for€a€compellingÐ ¨ø Ðgovernmental€interest€and€was€the€least€restrictive€alternative.€€J€would€have€a€viable€claim€asÐ ŽÞ Ðanother€employee€has€a€tattoo€with€the€same€signs€and€wording€and€that€employee€was€notÐ tÄ Ðterminated.€€M,€although€maybe€not€in€the€best€taste,€is€not€in€violation€with€words€but€by€colorsÐ Zª Ðthat€remind€others€of€gang€attire.€He€has€a€viable€claim€as€well.€€Sððs€claim€is€meritorious€in€that€aÐ @ Ðdesignerððs€label€is€often€on€clothing€and€is€not€offensive.€€Additionally,€a€!€should€be€analyzedÐ &v Ðunder€the€law€as€having€the€same€weight€as€the€letter€M.Ð  \ ÐÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÝ‚bÿÿÿT¢ÝÝ  Ý݃bÿÿT¢¦¢ÝŒÐ òB ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓAdditionally,€the€law€may€be€found€to€be€vague€(what€is€offensive)€or€overbroad€(allÐ Ø( Ðletters/words)€and€may€be€void€on€its€face.€€Moreover,€as€written,€the€law€does€not€offer€notice€orÐ ¾ Ða€hearing€for€the€employees€who€are€terminated.€€That€is€an€obvious€violation€of€both€substantiveÐ ¤ô Ðand€procedural€Due€Process€(14òòthóó€Amendment)€protections.€€The€law€as€applied€to€these€plaintiffsÐ Š Ú Ðis€unconstitutional€and€should€be€abolished.Ð p!À  ÐÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓÝ‚bÿÿÿ“¥ÝÝ  Ý݃bÿÿ“¥<¦ÝŒÐ V"¦! ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓÝ‚bÿÿÿ˦ÝÝ  Ýò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó ó݃bÿÿ˦t§ÝŒÐ <#Œ" ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÐ "$r# ÐConflict€of€interest€ð!ð€I€would€first€advise€that€representing€the€3€State€employees€andÐ %X $ ÐMary€may€be€a€conflict€of€interest€even€though€each€have€claims€against€the€same€statute.€€At€theÐ î%>!% Ðvery€least€I€must€obtain€consent€from€each.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓÝ‚bÿÿÿZ©ÝÝ  Ý݃bÿÿZ©ªÝŒÐ º' #' ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝStanding€ð!ð€Mary€is€not€a€State€employee€and€therefore€is€not€directly€impacted€by€the€law.€Ð  (ð#( ÐHowever,€she€can€claim€3òòrdóó€party€status€if€she€can€show€a€special€relationship.€€Her€contractualÐ †)Ö$) Ðagreement€with€Sue€and€her€economic€dependence€on€Sue€wearing€the€outfits€might€provide€aÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âsufficient€connection€to€establish€a€special€relationship.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓ1òòstóó€Amendment€issues€ð!ð€Jack€would€assert€a€claim€that€his€1òòstóó€Amendment€rights€toÐ ° Ðâ âfreedom€of€religion€have€been€restricted€by€the€law.€€Under€the€Constitution€the€State€must€showÐ –æ Ðthat€the€statute€is€necessary€to€meet€a€compelling€governmental€interest.€€Here€the€dress€codeÐ |Ì Ðwould€not€qualify€because€offensive€to€others€will€not€be€construed€as€a€compelling€reason€toÐ b² Ðhave€a€dress€code.€€Also,€Jackððs€rights€of€equal€protection€have€been€violated,€as€a€fellowÐ H˜ Ðemployee€is€allowed€to€have€a€religious€tattoo.€€Here€Jack€would€have€to€show€that€the€law€isÐ . ~ Ðfacially€discriminatory€or€discriminatory€in€application€or€purpose.€€He€will€be€able€to€do€so€sinceÐ  d Ðthe€fellow€employee€is€allowed€to€have€the€tattoo.Ð ú J ÐÝ‚bÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓÝ‚bÿÿÿ°ÝÝ  Ý€€Ýƒbÿÿ°¹°ÝŒÐ à 0 ÐŒÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÔ€9X¼aXX9X¼aÔÝ  ÝÓK.Ü,„Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤Ü,ŠXôLXKÓMike€would€assert€that€his€freedom€of€association€right€has€been€violated€by€this€law.€Ð Æ   ÐAgain,€since€this€is€a€fundamental€right,€the€State€is€required€to€show€that€the€law€is€necessary€to€aÐ ¬ ü