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 ÑÓ   ÓÓ  ÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓE1°°Z` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXEÓÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÖ€7ÿÿÖÝ‚ ÿÿÿÁÝÝ  Ýò òÓK.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°Z‹X(#KÓFEBRUARY€2003€BAR€EXAMINATION݃ ÿÿÁN݌Р° ÐŒÑ  ÑÓ! °œX°°ŒX(#!ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓE1°°Z` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXEÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿ>ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿ>ª݌̌Ñ  ÑÓ' °œX°°Z‹X(#'ÓÝ  ÝQUESTIONS€AND€REPRESENTATIVE€GOOD€ANSWERSÐ |Ì ÐÌQUESTION€1Ð H˜ ÐÓ  Óó óÌÓ  ÓLois€and€Clark€have€been€dating€for€six€months.€€Lois€becomes€suspicious€that€Clark€may€beÐ  d Ðhaving€an€affair€with€her€best€friend,€Megan.€€Lois€calls€her€brother€Jimmy,€who€works€at€aÐ ú J Ðsurveillance€equipment€store,€and€asks€him€to€follow€Clark.€€Ð à 0 ÐÌThe€next€day€at€approximately€3:30€p.m.,€Jimmy€secretly€follows€Clark€to€Megan's€apartmentÐ ¬ ü  Ðand€sees€Megan€greet€Clark€with€what€he€believes€to€be€a€romantic€hug€outside€her€apartment.€Ð ’â  ÐJimmy€calls€Lois€and€reports€what€he€sees.€€Lois€immediately€says€to€Jimmy,€"lets€show€theÐ xÈ  Ðworld€what€they're€up€to;€you€know€what€to€do!"€€A€few€hours€later,€Jimmy€sees€Megan€andÐ ^®  ÐClark€leave€the€apartment.€€Jimmy€quickly€slips€a€credit€card€into€Megan's€apartment€door€jambÐ D”  Ðand€unlocks€the€door.€€Jimmy€then€conceals€a€video€camera€equipped€with€a€microphone€under€aÐ *z  Ðlarge€lamp€in€Megan's€bedroom.€€As€Jimmy€leaves€the€apartment€he€takes€Clark's€antiqueÐ ` ÐSuperman€watch€worth€$5,000,€which€is€on€a€counter.€€A€few€minutes€later,€Megan€and€ClarkÐ öF Ðreturn€to€the€apartment€and€go€into€Megan's€bedroom€to€watch€the€Twilight€Zone€marathon€onÐ Ü, ÐTV.€€Ð  ÐÌAngered€by€the€thought€of€betrayal,€Lois€calls€Megan€and€begins€to€threaten€Megan€withÐ ŽÞ Ðviolence€and€then€says€to€her,€"I€know€what€the€two€of€you€have€been€up€to,€and€soon€everyoneÐ tÄ Ðelse€will€too."€€Annoyed€by€the€call,€Megan€tells€Lois€not€to€call€any€more.€€Recognizing€that€itÐ Zª Ðwas€Lois,€Megan€tells€Clark€what€was€said.€€Clark,€who€is€always€quick€on€his€feet,€tells€MeganÐ @ Ðthat€if€Lois€calls€again€they€should€press€the€memo€button€on€Megan's€phone€and€"recordÐ &v Ðeverything€Lois€says€as€evidence€for€the€police."€€When€Lois€calls€again,€Clark€presses€the€memoÐ  \ Ðbutton€after€Megan€answers€the€phone€and€then€records€Lois'€profanity€laced€tirade€directedÐ òB Ðtowards€Megan€and€him.€€Megan€begins€to€laugh€so€hard€at€what€is€going€on€she€knocks€over€theÐ Ø( Ðlarge€lamp.€€Megan€and€Clark€see€a€black€box€with€wires€attached.€€At€first€they€do€not€knowÐ ¾ Ðwhat€the€item€is€until€they€follow€the€wires€to€the€video€camera.€€They€then€watch€the€tape€whichÐ ¤ô Ðwas€in€the€camera€and€realize€that€it€recorded€everything€they€said€and€did€from€the€time€theyÐ Š Ú Ðreturned€to€the€apartment.Ð p!À  ÐÌMegan€calls€the€Montgomery€County€Police.€€The€police€do€a€thorough€investigation€andÐ <#Œ" Ðaccurately€report€to€you€the€sequence€of€events€as€stated€above,€all€of€which€occurred€inÐ "$r# ÐMontgomery€County,€Maryland.€€You€are€the€Assistant€State's€Attorney€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ %X $ Ðassigned€to€analyze€the€potential€criminal€charges.Ð î%>!% ÐÌÓ  Óò òWhat€charges€would€you€bring,€and€against€whom?€€Discuss€the€facts€that€substantiateÐ º' #' Ðeach€charge€and€any€defenses€you€believe€the€defendant(s)€may€assert.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÓ  Óó óAs€Assistant€State's€Attorney€I€would€charge€as€follows:Ð 8,ˆ', ЇòòLoisóó:Ð ° ÐÌConspiracy,€solicitation,€harassment,€wire€tapping,€burglary.Ð |Ì ÐÌòòJimmyóó:Ð H˜ ÐÌConspiracy,€wire€tapping,€larceny,€burglary.Ð  d ÐÌFacts€state€that€Lois€"calls€her€brother€Jimmy€and€asks€him€to€follow€Clark."€€The€facts€also€stateÐ à 0 Ðthat€Lois€says€to€Jimmy€"lets€show€the€world€what€they're€up€to;€you€know€what€to€do!"€€LoisÐ Æ   Ðwas€soliciting€Jimmy€to€use€his€knowledge€of€surveillance€equipment€to€tape€Clark€and€Megan.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐAs€soon€as€Jimmy€acted€on€Lois'€suggestion,€he€had€conspired€with€Lois€to€that€end.€€All€crimesÐ ’â  Ðwhich€further€the€conspiracy€are€imputed€on€the€conspirators,€thus€when€Jimmy€broke€intoÐ xÈ  ÐMegan's€apartment,€Lois€would€also€be€guilty€of€that€crime.€€Since€the€larceny€of€the€watch€wasÐ ^®  Ðnot€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy,€Jimmy€alone€would€be€guilty€of€that€crime.€€Also,€both€LoisÐ D”  Ðand€Jimmy€would€be€guilty€of€the€wire€tapping€of€Megan's€bedroom.€€It€can€be€also€said€that€theÐ *z  Ðphone€call€that€Lois€made€to€Megan€is€not€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy,€so€Jimmy€would€notÐ ` Ðbe€guilty€of€harassment.€€Ð öF ÐÌAs€for€Megan€and€Clark€pushing€the€memo€button€on€the€answering€machine€and€tapingÐ Â Ðeverything€Lois€said€is€also€illegal€wire€tapping.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€the€facts€state€thatÐ ¨ø ÐLois€was€in€a€tirade€and€was€assaulting€Megan€with€threats.€€Therefore,€Megan€could€argue€thatÐ ŽÞ ÐLois€had€no€expectation€of€privacy€since€she€was€being€so€vocal,€therefore€the€taping€wasÐ tÄ Ðacceptable.Ð Zª ÐÌLois€and€Jimmy€may€both€argue€that€a€conspiracy€was€never€formed€since€Jimmy€never€saidÐ &v Ðanything€in€response€to€Lois'€statement.€€This€will€most€likely€not€work€because€Jimmy€agreed€toÐ  \ ÐLois'€solicitation€by€his€actions.€€Ð òB ÐÌAll€charges€brought€would€ultimately€be€decided€by€the€judge€or€jury.€€Ð ¾ ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ Š Ú ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ‡,X¸XXXw÷ÔIssue€List:€conspiracy,€solicitation,€stalking,€harassment,€burglary,€breaking€and€entering,Ð V"¦! Ðunlawful€recording,€larceny,€telephone€harassment.Ð E#•" ÐÌ1.à  àòòSolicitationóó€ð!ð€Lois€would€be€charged€with€solicitation€when€she€asked€Jimmy€to€followÐ #%s $ ÐClark.€€Ð &b!% ÐòòÌóó2.à  àòòConspiracyóó€ð!ð€Once€Jimmy€secretly€followed€Clark,€the€next€day€that€was€his€assent€toÐ ð'@#' Ðenter€into€the€agreement€for€an€unlawful€purpose.€€Jimmy€and€Lois€may€therefore€be€chargedÐ ß(/$( Ðwith€the€conspiracy.Ð Î)%) ÐòòÌóóà  àòòSolicitationóó€ð!ð€Will€merge€into€conspiracy.€Ð ¬+ü&+ ÐòòÌóóà  àòòCounter€Argumentóó€ð!ð€The€defendants€will€argue€that€there€was€no€conspiracy€at€that€Ð Ÿï Ðà  àpoint,€because€Jimmy€never€verbally€agreed€to€do€anything.€€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àòòState's€Argumentó󀄀€Once€Lois€said€"lets€show€the€world€ð8ð"€Jimmy€then€entered€Ð l¼ Ðà  àMegan's€apartment€because€he€worked€at€a€surveillance€store€and€immediately€began€to€Ð [ « Ðà  àset€up€the€crime.Ð J š ÐòòÌóó3.à  àòòBurglaryóó€ð!ð€Jimmy€and€Lois€would€also€be€charged€with€burglary€because€Jimmy€used€aÐ ( x Ðcredit€card€to€get€into€Megan's€apartment€without€her€permission€to€commit€a€crime€therein.Ð  g  ÐòòÌóó4.à  àòòUnlawful€Recordingóó€ð!ð€When€Jimmy€concealed€a€video€camera€with€a€microphone€underÐ õE  Ðthe€lamp,€he€did€so€without€Megan's€permission€and€he€did€so€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy.€Ð ä4  ЀTherefore,€Jimmy€and€Lois€will€be€charged€with€this€crime.Ð Ó#  ÐòòÌóó5.à  àòòLarcenyóó€ð!ð€Jimmy€may€be€charged€with€larceny€for€stealing€the€watch€worth€$5,000.Ð ± ÐòòÌóó6.à  àòòTelephone€Misuse/Abuseóó€ð!ð€When€Lois€calls€and€uses€profanity€towards€Megan€this€isÐ ß Ðan€abuse€of€the€use€of€the€telephone.€€Ð ~Î ÐòòÌClark€and€Meganóó€Ð \¬ ÐÌClark€and€Megan€can€be€charged€with€illegal€recording€for€recording€Lois'€without€herÐ :Š Ðpermission.Ð )y ÐÌà  àòòCounter€Argumentóó€Ð W ÐÌà  àClark€and€Megan€will€argue€that€they€did€this€to€preserve€evidence€of€Lois'€harassment.Ð å5 ÐÔ#†Xw÷XX,X¸™#Ôò òÌÓ  Óà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌÌÐ  l"¼  Ðà@’’%ìàQUESTION€2ˆÐ ° Ðó óòòà@ìì*ìàóóˆÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ $ÝÝ  ÝAlice€was€found€raped€and€murdered€in€her€row€house€in€Baltimore€City.€€The€policeÐ |Ì Ðbrought€Bob,€an€18€year€old€high€school€drop„out,€to€the€police€station€for€questioning€aboutÐ b² ÐAliceððs€rape€and€murder.€€Bob€was€told€that€he€was€not€under€arrest.€€He€was,€however,€given€hisÐ H˜ ÐMiranda€warnings€and€he€voluntarily€waived€his€Miranda€rights.݃ ÿÿ $U$݌Р. ~ ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÐ  d ÐDuring€questioning,€Sergeant€Carl€showed€Bob€a€written€scientific€report€that€had€beenÐ ú J Ðfabricated.€€The€report€was€written€on€Police€Department€stationery.€€The€Sergeant€told€Bob€thatÐ à 0 Ðthe€report€was€genuine€and€indicated€that€test€results€revealed€Bobððs€semen€was€found€in€AliceððsÐ Æ   Ðunderwear.€€Bob€continued€to€maintain€his€innocence€during€questioning.€€The€Sergeant€also€toldÐ ¬ ü  ÐBob€that€his€fingerprints€were€found€at€the€scene,€which,€in€fact,€was€not€the€case.€€Again,€BobÐ ’â  Ðcontinued€to€maintain€his€innocence.Ð xÈ  ÐÐ ^®  ÐApproximately€four€hours€into€the€interrogation,€Captain€Douglas€took€over€theÐ D”  Ðquestioning€after€giving€Bob€something€to€eat€and€drink€and€letting€him€use€the€bathroom.€€HeÐ *z  Ðbegan€his€questioning€by€telling€Bob€that€ð ðhe€would€be€better€off€if€he€told€the€truthðð.€€At€oneÐ ` Ðpoint,€Captain€Douglas€told€Bob€that€ð ðif€he€confessed€to€the€crimes,€he€may€be€eligible€forÐ öF Ðmedical€treatment€instead€of€getting€locked€up€for€the€rest€of€his€life€and€the€key€thrown€downÐ Ü, Ðthe€sewerðð.€€After€several€unproductive€more€hours€of€questioning€Captain€Douglas€left€the€roomÐ Â Ðleaving€Bob€alone€in€the€interrogation€room€for€about€one„hour.€€At€that€time€Bob€requested€toÐ ¨ø Ðsee€Lieutenant€Frank€who€he€had€known€growing€up.€€Bob€gave€a€written€statement€confessingÐ ŽÞ Ðto€the€crimes€to€Lieutenant€Frank.€€Bob€has€now€been€indicted€for€the€rape€and€murder€of€Alice.Ð tÄ ÐÐ Zª ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XXÓò òÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ0-ÝÝ  ÝAssume€that€the€above€facts€are€established€at€a€suppression€hearing.€€Discuss€fullyÐ @ Ðthe€arguments€for€and€against€the€admissibility€of€Bobððs€written€statement.݃ ÿÿ0-h-݌Р&v ÐŒÓ  Óó óÓ XXÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓE1°°Z` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXEÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÓK.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°Z‹X(#KÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ”.ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿ”.e/݌̌Ñ  ÑÓ! °œX°°ŒX(#!ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿÖ/ÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1݃ÿÿÖ/80ÝÔ Ý 0ԌРòB ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  ÝÔ'Ìò,0ÔÌÓ  ÓArguments€Against€Admissibility€of€Bobððs€Statement:Ð ¾ ÐÌI.à  àThe€test€is€whether€under€the€totality€of€circumstances€the€statement€was€voluntary.€€If€itÐ Š Ú Ðwas,€it€is€admissible.€€The€factors€that€weigh€against€admissibility€are:Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àa.à ` àBobððs€education,€only€a€high€school€drop€out.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àb.à ` àTold€he€was€not€under€arrest€though€he€was€in€custody€and€not€free€to€leave.Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àc.à ` àPolice€tricked€him€by€showing€him€fake€report€about€semen€and€fingerprints.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÝ‚ÿÿÿ‡3ÝÝ  Ý݃ÿÿ‡3é3ÝÔ Ý Å3Ԍ̌Ó  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  Ýà  àd.à ` àThe€length€of€interrogation,€four€hours€straight,€is€too€long€and€made€Bobððs€willÐ  (ð#( Ðmore€vulnerable.Ð †)Ö$) Ðò òó óÌà  àe.à ` àA€change€of€officers€in€questioning€Bob;€the€interrogators€were€fresh€and€restedÐ R+¢&+ Ðwhile€Bob€was€fatigued.Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àf.à ` àThe€questioning€continued€two€more€hours€after€that.Ð ° ÐÌà  àg.à ` àPromise€of€treatment€and€leniency€were€made€to€Bob.€€The€above€factors€weighÐ |Ì Ðagainst€the€admissibility€of€Bobððs€statement€as€Bob€was€pressured€primarily€by€the€length€ofÐ b² Ðtime€of€interrogation,€by€the€misstatements€to€convince€him€that€he€might€as€well€fess€up€as€theÐ H˜ Ðscientific€evidence€€was€against€him€and€by€the€promise€that€heððd€be€better€off€(get€treatment€orÐ . ~ Ðleniency)€if€he€gave€statement.€€If€Bobððs€statement,€in€the€end,€is€deemed€voluntary,€it€isÐ  d Ðadmissible.Ð ú J ÐÌII.à  àFactors€in€favor€of€admissibility:Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àa.à ` àWhile€the€officersðð€interrogation€may€have€been€too€long,€Bob€did€not€breakÐ ’â  Ðduring€those€two€long€periods€of€interrogation.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àb.à ` àOfficers€may€use€trickery€to€interrogate€suspects.€€Even€though€they€did€not€haveÐ D”  Ðthe€scientific€evidence€(semen€and€fingerprint€analysis)€they€told€Bob€they€had,€Bob€maintainedÐ *z  Ðhis€innocence€during€that€part€of€the€questioning,€also.Ð ` ÐÌà  àc.à ` àWhile€the€questioning€was€long,€4€hours€and€2€hours,€there€were€breaks,€includingÐ Ü, Ðone€when€Bob€got€food€and€water€and€a€chance€to€use€the€bathroom.Ð Â ÐÌà  àd.à ` àBob€only€confessed€after€being€left€alone€for€an€hour.€€It€is€more€likely€heÐ ŽÞ Ðconfessed€as€a€product€of€his€own€self€reflection€than€as€a€result€of€the€tactics€by€the€police.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àe.à ` àBob€confessed€to€Lt.€Frank,€someone€he€knew€growing€up.€€Bob€requested€Lt.Ð @ ÐFrank;€Frank€was€not€brought€in€to€put€pressure€on€Bob.€€Bob€could€have€continued€to€deny€hisÐ &v Ðinvolvement€to€Frank€and€asked€Frank€for€assistance€in€obtaining€relief€(asked€for€a€lawyer€orÐ  \ Ðasked€to€be€released),€but€instead€Bob€confessed.Ð òB ÐÌÓ XÓDespite€the€interrogation€tactics,€it€will€likely€be€found€that€Bobððs€statement€was€aÐ ¾ Ðproduct€of€self„reflection€and€will€be€deemed€voluntary€and€admissible.Ð ¤ô ÐÓ XÓÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ& ~ ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ!% Ðconfession€was€improperly€coerced€by€the€police.€€Accordingly,€it€would€be€deemed€involuntaryÐ Ô&$"& Ðand,€thus,€inadmissible.݃ ÿÿ™NäN݌Рº' #' ÐŒÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÌÐ  †)Ö$) ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ½RÝÝ  Ýà@’’%ìàQUESTION€3݃ÿÿ½R+SÝÔ Ý ûRÔŒˆÐ ° ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  ÝòòóóÔ'̰SÔÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿûSÝÝ  ÝMutt€sued€Jeff€for€fraud€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Anne€Arundel€County,€Maryland.€€HeÐ |Ì Ðfiled€with€his€Complaint€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€with€an€accompanying€affidavitÐ b² Ðsupporting€the€motion.€€The€Clerk€of€the€Circuit€Court€issued€the€summons€requiring€a€responseÐ H˜ Ðwithin€30€days€of€service.€€Mutt€employed€a€private€process€server€to€serve€the€summons,Ð . ~ ÐComplaint,€motion€and€affidavit.€€The€private€process€server€went€to€Jeffððs€home€in€Glen€Burnie,Ð  d ÐAnne€Arundel€County,€Maryland,€knocked€on€the€door,€but€received€no€answer.€€He€taped€theÐ ú J Ðsummons€with€the€accompanying€suit€papers€on€the€door€of€Jeffððs€home€and€in€his€return€ofÐ à 0 Ðservice€filed€with€the€Circuit€Court€stated€that€Jeff€had€been€served.݃ ÿÿûS0TÝŒÐ Æ   ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿòWÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿòW'X݌Р¬ ü  ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ™XÝÝ  ÝUpon€returning€from€a€business€trip€the€next€day,€Jeff€found€the€summons€andÐ ’â  Ðaccompanying€suit€papers€taped€to€his€door.€€Jeff€contacted€his€attorney€45€days€later€to€representÐ xÈ  Ðhim€in€Muttððs€suit€against€him.݃ ÿÿ™XÎX݌Р^®  ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ;ZÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿ;ZpZ݌РD”  ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿâZÝÝ  Ýò òa.à ` àBased€on€the€given€facts,€what€papers,€pleadings€and€defenses€may€be€filed€onÐ *z  Ðbehalf€of€Jeff€at€this€time?€€Explain€fully.݃ ÿÿâZ[݌Р` ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ(\ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿ(\]\݌РöF ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÏ\ÝÝ  Ýb.à ` àAssume€the€additional€facts€that€before€Jeff€filed€a€response,€Mutt€filed€aÐ Ü, Ðmotion€for€order€of€default€against€Jeff€for€failure€to€respond€within€30€days€of€service,Ð Â Ðwhich€the€Court€signed.€€What€response€may€be€filed€on€Jeffððs€behalf€to€this€order€forÐ ¨ø Ðdefault?€€Explain€fully.݃ ÿÿÏ\]݌РŽÞ ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  Ýó óÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÜ^ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿÜ^_݌РtÄ ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿƒ_ÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€1݃ÿÿƒ_å_ÝÔ Ý Á_ԌРZª ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  ÝÔ'ÌZÙ_ÔÌà  àA.à ` àJeff€must€first€file€a€preliminary€Motion€to€Dismiss,€pursuant€to€Rule€2„322,€onÐ &v Ðthe€grounds€that€there€was€an€insufficiency€of€service€and€process.€€This€Motion€to€Dismiss,Ð  \ Ðincluding€this€mandatory€defense,€must€be€filed€before€the€Answer€or€the€defense€is€waived.Ð òB ÐÌà  àGenerally,€an€Answer€is€due€30€days€after€service€of€the€Complaint.€€However,€pursuantÐ ¾ Ðto€2„321,€when€a€preliminary€Motion€is€filed,€the€time€for€filing€an€Answer€is€extended€withoutÐ ¤ô Ðspecial€Order€to€fifteen€days€after€entry€of€the€Courtððs€Order€on€the€Motion.€€Since€Jeff€will€beÐ Š Ú Ðfiling€a€preliminary€Motion€to€Dismiss,€his€Answer€will€be€due€fifteen€days€after€the€Court€rulesÐ p!À  Ðon€this€Motion.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àSince€Jeff€is€a€resident€of€Maryland€and€the€suit€was€filed€in€Anne€Arundel€County,€thereÐ "$r# Ðare€no€other€issues€with€regard€to€personal€jurisdiction€or€improper€venue.€€Further,€the€processÐ %X $ Ðitself€appears€to€be€fine.Ð î%>!% Ðà  àà ` àÔ& Ì ÔÌÔ'ÌÔ&AeÔ€€€€€€€€€€€€€In€Jeffððs€preliminary€Motion€to€Dismiss€for€insufficient€service€of€process,€he€will€argueÐ º' #' Ðthat€the€summons€and€accompanying€suit€papers€were€never€properly€served.€€They€were€tapedÐ  (ð#( Ðto€his€door.€€Pursuant€to€Rule€2„121(a)(2),€if€the€person€to€be€served€is€an€individual,€service€canÐ †)Ö$) Ðbe€had€by€leaving€a€copy€of€all€relevant€documents€with€a€resident€of€suitable€age€or€discretion€atÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âthe€individualððs€dwelling,€house€or€usual€place€of€abode.€€Process€was€not€left€with€anyone,Ð R+¢&+ Ðsuitable€or€otherwise,€and€the€process€server€incorrectly€indicated€to€the€Court€that€Jeff€had€beenÐ ° Ðproperly€served.Ð –æ Ðâ âÌà  àWith€regard€to€the€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment,€a€response€is€due€within€the€timeÐ b² Ðallowed€for€a€partyððs€original€pleading€,€which€is€thirty€days€after€the€service€of€Complaint.€€JeffÐ H˜ Ðwill€not€have€to€respond€to€the€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment€until€a€decision€is€made€on€theÐ . ~ ÐMotion€to€Dismiss€and€Jeff€is€required€to€file€an€Answer.Ð  d ÐÌà  àB.à ` àIn€response€to€the€Default€Order€entered€against€Jeff,€I€would€advise€him€to€moveÐ à 0 Ðto€vacate€the€Order€of€Default€within€thirty€days€after€entry,€pursuant€to€2„613(d).€€Jeff€needs€toÐ Æ   Ðset€forth€the€reasons€for€his€failure€to€plead€and€the€legal€and€factual€basis€for€the€defense€to€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðclaim.€€Jeff€will€need€to€argue€that€service€of€process€was€insufficient€and€that€Jeff€is€in€theÐ ’â  Ðprocess€of€filing€a€preliminary€Motion€to€Dismiss€for€insufficiency€€of€service€of€process.€€TheÐ xÈ  ÐCourt€will€€have€to€decide€whether€there€is€a€substantial€and€sufficient€basis€for€excusing€JeffððsÐ ^®  Ðfailure€to€plead€and€thus€vacating€the€Order.€€The€Order€is€likely€to€be€vacated€because€MarylandÐ D”  Ðdisfavors€Default€Judgments.Ð *z  ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ‘mÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€2݃ÿÿ‘mómÝÔ ofÏmԌРöF ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  ÝÔ'ÌöçmÔÌà  àA.à ` àJeffððs€attorney€should€first€file€a€mandatory€preliminary€Motion€to€Dismiss€underÐ Â ÐRule€2„322(a)€for€insufficiency€of€service€of€process.€€Under€Rule€2„121(a),€service€to€anÐ ¨ø Ðindividual€should€be€made€by€leaving€the€papers€at€the€individualððs€dwelling€home€with€aÐ ŽÞ Ðresident€of€suitable€age€and€discretion€or€by€mailing€it€by€certified€mail,€restricted€delivery.€Ð tÄ ÐTherefore,€Muttððs€process€serverððs€service,€by€taping€the€papers€to€the€door,€was€insufficient.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àThis€preliminary€Motion€must€be€filed€before€Jeff€files€his€Answer€to€Muttððs€Complaint.Ð &v ÐÌà  àNext,€Jeffððs€attorney€must€file€an€Answer€that€may€contain€permissive€defenses.€Ð òB ÐHowever,€under€Rule€2„321(a),€this€Answer€must€generally€be€filed€within€30€days€of€service*.€Ð Ø( ÐThis€time€line€would€be€impossible€for€Jeffððs€attorney€to€meet€since€he€was€not€even€contactedÐ ¾ Ðuntil€45€days€thereafter€(*€the€30„day€rule€applies€since€Jeff€is€an€individual,€Maryland€resident).Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àTherefore,€Jeffððs€attorney€would€need€to€petition/file€for€an€extension€in€order€to€file€hisÐ p!À  ÐAnswer.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àAssuming€extension€is€granted,€which€is€especially€likely€due€to€the€insufficiency€of€theÐ "$r# Ðservice€of€process,€Jeffððs€attorney€must€file€both€an€Answer€to€Muttððs€Complaint,€as€well€as€aÐ %X $ ÐResponse€to€Muttððs€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment.€€Ð î%>!% Ðò òÌó ó€€€€€€€€€€€€A€response€to€Muttððs€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment€must€be€made€within€15€days,€or€inÐ º' #' Ðthis€case,€within€30€days,€the€deadline€for€Jeffððs€original€pleading,€since€it€is€later,€under€Rule€2„Ð  (ð#( Ð311(b).€€However,€because€this€response€will€require€Jeff€to€ð ðstate€with€particularityðð€hisÐ †)Ö$) Ðgrounds,€Jeffððs€attorney€may€file€a€preliminary€Motion€for€a€more€definite€statement€in€hisÐ l*¼%* ÐAnswer€so€that€he€may€sufficiently€support€his€response.€€An€affidavit€will€also€be€needed€sinceÐ R+¢&+ ÐMutt€included€one€in€his€Motion€.€€Any€other€negative€or€affirmative€defenses€under€Rule€2„323,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðsuch€as€statute€of€limitations,€may€also€be€included€in€the€Answer€which€will€be€due€in€30€daysÐ ° Ðunder€Rule€2„321(a)€ð!ð€BUT€will€be€automatically€extended€to€15€days€after€Courtððs€entry€onÐ –æ ÐJeffððs€mandatory€preliminary€Motion€or€more€definite€statement€under€Rule€2„321(c).Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àB.à ` àUnder€Rule€2„613(d),€Jeff€must€move€to€vacate€the€Order€of€Default€within€30Ð H˜ Ðdays€of€its€entry.€€This€Motion€should€explain€Jeffððs€reasons€for€failing€to€plead,€as€well€as€theÐ . ~ Ðlegal€and€factual€basis€for€his€defense.€€If€the€relevant€arguments€outlined€in€Section€(a)€convinceÐ  d Ðthe€Court€that€there€is€a€substantial€and€sufficient€basis€for€an€actual€controversy€as€to€the€merits,Ð ú J Ðthe€Order€will€be€vacated.€€However,€due€to€Jeffððs€45€day€delay€after€service,€the€Court€may€beÐ à 0 Ðinclined€to€enter€the€Default€Order.Ð Æ   ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ  ’â  Ðà@’’%ìàò òQUESTION€4ˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà  àLester€was€the€star€player€for€the€Baltimore€Bombers€professional€football€team.€€As€aÐ |Ì Ðcelebrity,€he€volunteered€as€a€spokesperson€for€many€youth€organizations.€€He€made€numerousÐ b² Ðpublic€appearances€throughout€Maryland€on€behalf€of€these€organizations.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àWhile€Lester€was€serving€as€spokesperson,€several€of€the€organizations€were€rocked€byÐ  d Ðrevelations€of€child€abuse€within€their€ranks.€€Stories€of€child€molestation€by€employees€of€theseÐ ú J Ðyouth€organizations€were€regularly€reported€in€the€media.€€Lester€was€not€involved€in€theÐ à 0 Ðincidents.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àAt€the€height€of€the€controversy,€ð ðThe€Zookeeperðð€a€local€radio€personality€known€for€hisÐ ’â  Ðcontroversial€and€tasteless€humor,€commented€on€the€scandal€and€jokingly€referred€to€Lester€asÐ xÈ  Ðð ðLester€the€Molester.ðð€€Zookeeper€did€not€believe€Lester€was€involved€in€child€abuse,€andÐ ^®  Ðintended€his€comment€to€be€taken€as€a€joke€by€his€audience.€€Radio,€Inc.,€owner€of€the€radioÐ D”  Ðstation€which€employed€Zookeeper,€did€not€authorize€Zookeeper€to€make€the€remark€andÐ *z  Ðpromptly€issued€a€statement€disapproving€of€Zookeeperððs€ð ðjoke.ððÐ ` ÐÌà  àThis€joke€was€heard€by€many€listeners€of€ð ðThe€Zookeeperððsðð€show,€and€caused€Lester€aÐ Ü, Ðgreat€deal€of€embarrassment.€€He€also€received€numerous€anonymous€telephone€threats€andÐ Â Ðdisparaging€letters,€referring€to€him€as€a€child€molester.€€As€a€direct€result€of€this€comment,Ð ¨ø ÐLester€was€asked€to€resign€from€his€role€as€spokesperson€by€one€youth€group.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àAngered€by€Zookeeperððs€comment,€and€bothered€by€the€letters€and€phone€calls,€LesterÐ Zª Ðcomes€to€you,€a€Maryland€attorney,€to€discuss€bringing€a€defamation€action€against€ZookeeperÐ @ Ðand€his€employer,€Radio,€Inc.Ð &v ÐÌò òAdvise€Lester€of€his€legal€rights€to€obtain€damages€against€both€Zookeeper€and€Radio,€Inc.Ð òB Ðand€the€defenses€likely€to€be€raised.Ð Ø( ÐÌÓ  ÓÓÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ¤ô ÐÓ  ÓÓÓà  àó óTo€maintain€an€action€for€defamation€in€Maryland,€Lester€(L)€must€show:€1)€aÐ p!À  Ðdefamatory€statement;€2)€which€was€publicized€to€others;€3)€damages;€4)€that€the€statement€wasÐ V"¦! Ðfalse;€and€5)€that€the€speaker€had€the€requisite€degree€of€fault.€€As€L€is€a€public€figure,€theÐ <#Œ" Ðrequisite€degree€of€fault€is€actual€malice€in€this€case.€€Also,€since€this€is€slander€per€se€because€itÐ "$r# Ðrelates€to€a€crime€of€moral€turpitude€(child€molestation),€L€need€not€show€any€damages€ð!ð€theyÐ %X $ Ðare€presumed.Ð î%>!% Ðò òÌAgainst€Zookeeper€(Z)ó óÐ º' #' ÐÌà  à1)€€Z€clearly€made€a€defamatory€statement€by€referring€to€the€child€molestation€incidentÐ †)Ö$) Ðand€then€calling€L€ð ðLester€the€Molester.ððÐ l*¼%* ÐÌà  à2)€€The€statement€was€widely€heard€over€the€radio€and€thus€was€publicized.Ð 8,ˆ', Ðà  à3)€€Damages€are€presumed,€but€L€may€recover€punitive€damages€by€showing€Zððs€maliceÐ ° Ðwhen€making€the€statement.€€Z€must€have€made€the€statement€knowing€that€it€was€false€orÐ –æ Ðrecklessly€failing€to€research€whether€it€was€true€or€false.€€Z€had€the€requisite€malice€since€heÐ |Ì Ðknowingly€made€the€false€defamatory€statement.€€It€doesnððt€matter€that€he€intended€it€as€a€joke,€itÐ b² Ðis€still€malicious.€€As€a€result,€L€may€recover€Ô_ÔpunitivesÔ_Ô,€as€well€as€recover€for€any€actualÐ H˜ Ðeconomic€loss€that€occurred€for€harm€to€his€reputation.€€This€would€include€harms€occurring€forÐ . ~ Ðhis€loss€of€his€spokesperson€role,€and€any€loss€in€economic€value€that€his€reputation€may€haveÐ  d Ðsuffered€(future€endorsement€value,€etc.).€€However,€he€likely€can€not€recover€for€the€phoneÐ ú J Ðthreats€and€letters€under€defamatory€action,€since€they€are€not€linked€to€any€economic€harm.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  à4)€€L€must€prove€that€he€was€not€a€part€of€the€child€molestation€case,€in€fact.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  à5)€€Z€had€the€requisite€malice€(see€#3€above).Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àL€may€recover€against€Z€in€defamation.Ð D”  ÐÌò òAs€against€Radio,€Inc.€(R)ó óÐ ` ÐÌà  àL€would€be€suing€R€under€the€theory€of€vicarious€liability€for€the€tort€of€its€employee,€Z.€Ð Ü, ÐThis€is€an€agency€issue€turning€on€whether€Z€would€be€an€independent€contractor€or€a€servant.€Ð  ÐHere,€Z€is€likely€a€servant€of€the€radio€station,€since€he€probably€only€broadcasts€on€that€stationÐ ¨ø Ðand€is€paid€a€long€ð!ð€term€salary.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àServants€can€create€vicarious€liability€for€their€employers€(principal)€for€torts€committedÐ Zª Ðduring€the€scope€of€their€employment.€€In€this€case,€Z€was€working€at€the€radio€station,€doing€hisÐ @ Ðð ðnormalðð€job€of€making€tasteless€wisecracks€that€were€often€controversial,€when€he€made€theÐ &v Ðdefamatory€statement.€€This€is€what€he€was€paid€to€do,€performed€when€and€where€he€was€paidÐ  \ Ðto€do€it,€and€arguably€done€at€the€behest€of€R,€the€employer,€who€arguably€implicitly€authorizedÐ òB ÐZ€to€make€these€kinds€of€statements€(since€it€had€notice€of€previous€similar€conduct€by€Z).Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àHowever,€R€will€defend€by€saying€that€this€conduct€was€committed€by€Z€in€a€personalÐ ¤ô Ðcapacity,€since€it€was€not€authorized€in€the€scope€of€Zððs€employment€agreement€with€R.€€In€thatÐ Š Ú Ðcase,€R€would€not€be€vicariously€liable€for€Zððs€defamation.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àHowever,€R€may€also€be€liable€to€L€for€negligent€hiring€and€supervision€of€its€employee,Ð <#Œ" ÐZ.€€L€will€likely€be€able€to€recover€money€damages€on€this€theory€as€well.Ð "$r# ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2òòÐ î%>!% Ðó óóóÌÓ  Óà  àFirst,€I€would€explain€to€Lester€(L)€that€defamation€is€a€false€publication€of€facts€ofÐ º' #' Ðsomeone€that€seeks€to€impugn€their€character.€€Defamation€can€take€two€forms,€slander€(spokenÐ  (ð#( Ðdefamation)€and€libel€(written€defamation).Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌâ âò òLester€(L)€v.€Zookeeper€(Z)€(L€v.€Z)Ð R+¢&+ Ðó óL€is€a€public€figure€because€he€is€a€star€football€player€and€a€celebrity€and€can€sue€Z€for€slanderÐ ° Ðâ âby€referring€to€L€on€his€radio€show€as€ð ðLester€the€Molesterðð.€€L€will€have€to€show€malice€as€aÐ –æ Ðpublic€figure€that€Z€made€these€comments€in€an€intentional€and€reckless€manner.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àHere,€the€facts€show€that€Z€knew€that€L€was€not€involved€in€any€of€the€child€abuse€butÐ H˜ Ðstill€decides€to€defame€him€on€the€radio€to€his€listeners.€€Certainly,€L€would€argue€that€thisÐ . ~ Ðbehavior€by€Z€constituted€malice.Ð  d ÐÌà  àL€can€also€pursue€Z€on€the€theory€of€libel€if€as€a€result€of€Zððs€show,€L€began€receivingÐ à 0 Ðhate€mail€and€disparaging€letters€from€the€radio€listeners€referring€to€him€as€a€child€molester.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àL€should€also€assert€that€because€Zððs€actions€were€so€egregious€that€he€should€be€chargedÐ ’â  Ðwith€per€se€slander€because€his€comments€infringes€Lððs€ability€to€continue€as€a€spokespersonÐ xÈ  Ðmaking€L€have€to€resign€as€a€spokesperson.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àAs€a€result€L€would€be€entitled€to€compensatory€and€punitive€damages€against€Z€becauseÐ *z  Ðhis€comments€were€clearly€made€with€malice.Ð ` ÐÌò òLester€(L)€v.€Radio,€Inc.€(RI)€(L€v.€RI)Ð Ü, ÐÌó óà  àL€can€sue€RI€in€Ô_ÔrespondeatÔ_Ô€superior€for€Zððs€actions€on€his€radio€station.€€Lððs€cause€ofÐ ¨ø Ðaction€would€be€that€RI€is€vicariously€liable€for€Z€because€Z€works€for€RI€and€his€commentsÐ ŽÞ Ðwere€made€within€the€scope€of€his€employment€and€was€to€benefit€his€employer€RI.€€L€can€argueÐ tÄ Ðthat€his€comments€certainly€benefitted€RI€as€evidenced€by€the€many€listeners€who€heard€the€jokeÐ Zª Ðand€responded€with€threats€and€letters€to€L.Ð @ ÐÌà  àHowever,€RI€would€argue€that€Z€did€not€have€any€authority€to€make€such€statements€andÐ  \ Ðtherefore€RI€should€not€be€liable.€€Furthermore,€RI€issues€a€statement€disapproving€of€ZððsÐ òB Ðcomments.€€RI€did€not€ratify€any€comments€made€by€Z€and€if€they€are€held€liable€they€could€seekÐ Ø( Ðindemnification€from€Z.€€L€will€not€be€able€to€obtain€any€damages€from€RI€because€their€actionsÐ ¾ Ðwere€swift€and€curative€to€prevent€liability.€€RI€will€state€that€Zððs€comments€were€outside€theÐ ¤ô Ðscope€of€his€employment€because€RI€did€not€authorize€Z€to€make€the€remark.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àZ€will€argue€that€his€comments€were€only€a€ð ðjokeðð€because€the€nature€of€his€show€isÐ V"¦! Ðcontroversial€and€tasteless,€thus€there€was€no€malice€intent.€€At€the€very€least,€his€commentsÐ <#Œ" Ðwere€tasteless€humor.€€However,€this€argument€will€fail€because€of€the€repercussions€thatÐ "$r# Ðhappened€to€L€resulting€in€the€phone€threats,€letters€and€finally€his€losing€his€spokespersonÐ %X $ Ðposition.Ð  î%>!% Ðò òà@’’%ìàQUESTION€5òòˆÐ ° Ðó óóóÌà  àZookeeper,€a€local€radio€personality,€broadcast€a€show€in€which€he€referred€to€Lester,€aÐ |Ì Ðpopular€professional€athlete,€as€ð ðLester€the€Molester.ððÐ b² ÐÌà  àWithin€two€weeks€of€the€broadcast,€Lester€filed€suit€in€the€appropriate€Maryland€CourtÐ . ~ Ðagainst€Zookeeper€and€his€employer,€Radio,€Inc.€€Lester€alleged€that€listeners€to€the€ZookeeperÐ  d ÐShow€understood€the€comment€to€mean€that€Lester€was€a€child€abuser€and€that€the€comment€wasÐ ú J Ðfalse.€€Lester€claimed€compensatory€and€punitive€damages.€€Zookeeper€and€his€employerÐ à 0 Ðdefended€on€the€ground€that€Zookeeperððs€comment€was€intended€as€a€joke,€and€that€ZookeeperÐ Æ   Ðhad€no€intention€of€accusing€Lester€of€child€abuse.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌÓ  Óò òPART€AòòÐ xÈ  ÐÌÓ  Óó óóóà  àDuring€discovery,€Lesterððs€counsel€deposed€Mary€Smith,€a€telephone€receptionist€atÐ D”  ÐRadio,€Inc.€€She€testified€that€in€the€hours€following€Zookeeperððs€broadcast,€she€receivedÐ *z  Ðapproximately€10€calls€from€unidentified€persons€who€said€theyððd€heard€on€the€Zookeeper€ShowÐ ` Ðthat€Lester€had€molested€a€child€and€wanted€to€know€if€this€was€true.Ð öF ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Lesterððs€counsel€calls€Ms.€Smith€as€a€witness€and,€after,€laying€a€properÐ Â Ðfoundation,€asks:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àð ðWould€you€tell€the€jury€about€the€substance€of€some€of€these€calls€you€received?ððÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àBoth€defense€counsel€object.Ð @ ÐÌà  àò òShould€the€trial€court€overrule€or€sustain€the€objection?€€State€your€reasons€clearly.Ð  \ ÐÌÌÓ  ÓPART€BòòÐ ¾ ÐÌÓ  Óó óóóà  àAs€part€of€his€case€in€chief,€Lester€calls€the€president€of€a€local€youth€organization€toÐ Š Ú Ðtestify€as€to:€1)€his€opinion€that€Lester€was€a€person€of€very€good€character€and€excellentÐ p!À  Ðreputation;€and€2)€specific€instances€of€public€appearances€by€Lester€which€had€helped€theÐ V"¦! Ðorganization.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àBoth€defense€counsel€object€to€this€testimony.€Ð %X $ ЀÌà  àò òShould€the€trial€court€sustain€or€overrule€the€objection?€€State€your€reasons€clearly.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌÓ  ÓPART€CòòÐ  (ð#( ÐÓ  Óó óóóà  àAs€part€of€his€case€in€chief,€Lester€sought€to€introduce€a€letter,€which€the€President€ofÐ †)Ö$) ÐRadio,€Inc.€wrote€to€him€two€days€after€Zookeeperððs€broadcast.€€In€relevant€part,€the€letter€said:Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àð ðRadio,€Inc.€apologizes€for€the€outrageous€and€untrue€remarks€by€Zookeeper.€€EnclosedÐ ° Ðâ âis€our€check€to€you€for€$1,000,€which€we€offer€to€resolve€this€incident.ððÐ –æ ÐÌà  àBoth€defense€counsel€object€to€this€letter.€€ò òHow€should€the€trial€court€rule€on€theÐ b² Ðobjection?€€State€your€reasons€clearly.Ð H˜ ÐÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð  d ÐÓ  Óó óÌò òA.ó óà  àThe€trial€court€should€overrule€the€objection.€€The€defense€will€object€on€the€ground€thatÐ à 0 Ðthe€calls€are€hearsay.€€Hearsay€is€an€out„of„court€statement€offered€in€court€to€prove€the€truth€ofÐ Æ   Ðthe€matter€asserted.€€No€question€the€calls€are€out„of„court€statements,€involving€hearsay€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðdouble„hearsay€(what€Ms.€Smith€said€is€hearsay,€her€reporting€others€questions€is€also€hearsay).€Ð ’â  ÐHowever,€the€calls€are€not€being€used€to€prove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted€ð!ð€that€Lester€is€orÐ xÈ  Ðisnððt€a€child€molester.€€Rather,€they€are€offered€to€prove€something€else€ð!ð€the€wide€nature€of€theÐ ^®  Ðdissemination€of€the€remark,€and€offered€to€prove€that€it€raised€the€question€in€the€minds€of€theÐ D”  Ðlisteners.€€Thus€itððs€for€their€state€of€mind,€not€truth.Ð *z  ÐÌò òB.à  àó óThe€court€should€overrule€the€defense€objections.€€Such€Character€evidence€isÐ öF Ðpermissible€by€the€plaintiff€and€about€the€plaintiff€in€a€civil€case€when€character€is€at€issue,€as€itÐ Ü, Ðis€in€a€defamation€case.€€Defense€might€object€that€itððs€not€in€fact€at€issue€because€they€admit€thatÐ Â Ðtheir€statement€was€false.€€However,€this€may€be€important€for€damages€and€character€is€still€theÐ ¨ø Ðissue€in€the€case.€€Ordinarily€reputation€evidence€is€permitted€while€past€specific€acts€are€not,€butÐ ŽÞ Ða€defamation€case€makes€it€all€admissible.Ð tÄ ÐÌò òC.à  àó óThe€court€should€sustain€in€part€and€overrule€in€part.€€The€first€sentence€contains€anÐ @ Ðapology€and€acknowledges€that€the€remarks€were€outrageous€and€untrue.€€This€is€an€admissionÐ &v Ðby€a€party„opponent€and€is€therefore€admissible.€€The€second€sentence€is€a€settlement€offer,€andÐ  \ Ðsettlement€offers€are€inadmissible€regardless€of€whether€they€are€accepted€or€not.€€(An€exceptionÐ òB Ðwould€be€a€ð ðMary€Carterðð€agreement€wherein€one€defendant€secretly€settles€yet€remains€in€theÐ Ø( Ðcase.)€€Thus€the€court€should€order€the€second€sentence€redacted€and€admit€the€rest€of€the€letter.Ð ¾ ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð Š Ú ÐÌÓ  ÓA.à  àó óCourt€should€overrule€the€objection€and€allow€Ms.€Smith€to€answer.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  à1.à ` àMs.€Smithððs€testimony€is€relevant€on€the€subject€of€damages.€€If€proven,€it€simplyÐ "$r# Ðshows€that€there€might€have€been€causation;€that€from€hearing€Zookeeper€(Z)ððs€broadcast,€peopleÐ %X $ Ðbelieved€Lester€might€have€been€a€child€molester.Ð î%>!% ÐÌà  à2.à ` àMs.€Smithððs€testimony€is€hearsay.€€Hearsay€is€an€out€of€court€statement€made€andÐ º' #' Ðoffered€to€show€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted€therein.€€Ms.€Smithððs€testimony€is€not€beingÐ  (ð#( Ðoffered€to€show€that€Lester€is€a€child€molester.€€However,€it€is€being€offered€to€show€that€peopleÐ †)Ö$) Ðheard€Zððs€broadcast€and€then€wanted€to€know€if€it€was€true.€€But,€at€the€same€time,€the€callers€didÐ l*¼%* Ðâ ânot€say€they€believed€what€Z€said,€but€that€they€wanted€to€know€if€it€was€true.€€Such€out„of„courtÐ R+¢&+ Ðstatements€can€be€admitted€to€show€a€partyððs€belief,€reason,€intent,€bias,€emotion€or€knowledge.€Ð ° ÐSuch€statements€can€be€admitted€even€though€it€may€be€considered€hearsay.Ð –æ Ðâ âÌò òB.à  àó óGenerally,€character€testimony€is€not€allowed€into€evidence€unless€it€(character)€goes€toÐ b² Ðthe€heart€of€the€action.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àHere,€since€Lester€is€presumably€suing€Zookeeper€and€Radio€for€defamation,€characterÐ  d Ðtestimony€is€especially€relevant.€€As€such,€Lester€can€call€the€witness€to€testify€as€to€his€opinionÐ ú J Ðof€Lesterððs€good€character.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àThe€witnessðð€testimony€about€Lesterððs€public€appearances€which€helped€the€organizationÐ ¬ ü  Ðmay€also€be€admitted€if€it€is€relevant€to€the€defamation€cause€of€action.€€The€facts€in€this€questionÐ ’â  Ðdoes€not€say€anything€about€Lester€being€asked€to€resign€as€a€spokesperson.€€Assuming€that€to€beÐ xÈ  Ðtrue,€then€such€testimony€should€be€admitted.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àThe€court€should€overrule€the€objection€Ð *z  ÐÌò òC.à  àó óAs€stated€above,€hearsay€is€an€out„of„court€statement€being€offered€for€the€truth€of€theÐ öF Ðmatter€asserted€therein.€€Hearsay€is€usually€not€admissible€but€there€are€exceptions.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àLester€offers€this€letter.€€The€court€should€overrule€the€defense€counsel€and€admit€thisÐ ¨ø Ðunder€the€hearsay€exception€of€an€admission€by€a€party€opponent.€€The€letter€admits€to€ZððsÐ ŽÞ Ðoutrageous€and€untrue€remarks€and€admits€to€Radioððs€liability€as€Zððs€employer€under€the€theoryÐ tÄ Ðof€Ô_ÔrespondeatÔ_Ô€superior.€€Understandably,€the€defense€counsel€would€argue€that€a€settlement€offerÐ Zª Ð(such€as€this€one€„€$1000.00)€should€be€inadmissible€because€its€prejudicial€effect€outweighs€anyÐ @ Ðprobative€value.€€As€such,€the€court,€in€its€discretion€may€admit€the€1òòstóó€sentence€and€not€admit€theÐ &v Ðsecond€part,€the€offer.€€Ð  \ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ  "$r# Ðò òà@’’%ìàQUESTION€6ˆÐ ° ÐÌÔ‡"Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÓ?+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°œX?Óó óThe€newly€enacted€Federal€Homeland€Security€Law,€provides€in€relevant€part,€as€follows:Ð |Ì ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ XÓÓB+4 Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!BÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓB(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ÜŠX¤XBÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿÁÇÝÝ  Ýð ðIt€is€illegal€for€any€person€who€is€not€a€citizen€of€the€United€States€of€America,€to€enrollÐ H˜ Ðin€any€college€or€university€within€the€United€States€without€first€registering€with€theÐ . ~ ÐFederal€Office€of€Homeland€Security.€€Failure€to€register€will€result€in€deportation...€.€€ItÐ  d Ðis€illegal€for€any€business€engaged€in€interstate€commerce€to€transport€items€of€commerceÐ ú J Ðacross€State€lines€unless€it€has€first€registered€with€the€Federal€Office€of€HomelandÐ à 0 ÐSecurity.€€States€are€permitted€to€enact€laws€in€due€exercise€of€these€provisions.ðð݃ ÿÿÁdžÈÝŒÐ Æ   ÐŒÑ  ÑÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÝ  ÝÌIn€response€to€this€legislation,€and€in€concern€for€its€residents€located€so€close€to€the€nationððsÐ ’â  Ðcapital,€the€Maryland€General€Assembly€enacted€the€following€two€laws:Ð xÈ  ÐÌÓ XÓÓB+4 Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!BÓð ðAny€truck€or€vehicle€that€weighs€more€than€5,€000€pounds€and€does€not€have€aÐ D”  ÐMaryland€license€plate€and€is€traveling€within€the€State€of€Maryland,€is€subject€to€a€dailyÐ *z  Ðsearch€of€its€contents€at€the€nearest€weigh€station.ððÐ ` ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ XXÓÓB+4 Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4Ü‹Xü!BÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓB(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ÜŠX¤XBÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿèÍÝÝ  Ýð ðNo€foreign€born€person,€regardless€of€citizenship,€may€register€in€any€college€within€theÐ Ü, ÐState€of€Maryland€without€having€first€received€a€security€clearance€from€the€MarylandÐ Â ÐState€Police.ðð€Ýƒ ÿÿèÍ­Î݌Р¨ø ÐŒÑ  ÑÓ XXÓÓ$ 4Ü‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4Ü‹Xü!BÓÌThe€Lawson€sisters€have€asked€that€you,€a€Maryland€attorney,€challenge€the€Maryland€laws.€Ð tÄ ÐMary€Lawson,€a€U.S.€citizen,€was€born€in€Mexico€City,€Mexico,€and€has€been€accepted€into€theÐ Zª ÐUniversity€of€Maryland.€€She€would€prefer€not€to€have€to€go€through€the€hassle€of€obtaining€aÐ @ Ðsecurity€clearance.€€Sara€Lawson€is€a€truck€driver€whose€business€is€based€in€northern€Virginia.€Ð &v ÐIt€would€greatly€impede€timely€deliveries€if€she€had€to€have€her€truck€searched€every€time€sheÐ  \ Ðmakes€a€delivery€in€Maryland.Ð òB ÐÌò òWhat€challenges€would€you€make€to€the€Maryland€laws,€and€why?€€Discuss€fully.Ð ¾ ÐÔ#†Xw÷XX"Xw÷óÆ#ÔÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€1Ð Š Ú ÐÓ  ÓÌó óThe€Commerce€Clause€as€applied€to€the€states€through€the€14òòthóó€Amendment€does€not€allow€theÐ V"¦! Ðstates€to€place€an€undue€burden€on€interstate€commerce.€€Here,€Sara€has€standing€to€challenge€theÐ <#Œ" Ðlaw€because€the€law€states€any€truck€or€vehicle€with€more€than€5,€000€pounds€and€no€MD€licenseÐ "$r# Ðplates€is€subject€to€a€daily€search.€€Sara€is€a€truck€driver€from€Virginia.€€Since€Sara€is€not€aÐ %X $ Ðmember€of€a€suspect€class€and€no€fundamental€right€is€being€violated€she€will€have€to€prove€thatÐ î%>!% Ðthe€law€is€not€rationally€related€to€a€government€interest.€€Here,€the€state€is€following€the€FederalÐ Ô&$"& ÐHomeland€Security€Law€so€it€is€rationally€related€to€a€legitimate€government€interest.€€However,Ð º' #' Ðthe€law€places€an€undue€burden€on€interstate€commerce,€so€it€violates€the€commerce€clause.€Ð  (ð#( ÐOut„of„Ô_ÔstatersÔ_Ô€have€to€be€subject€to€inspections€that€impede€on€the€time€of€deliveries.Ð †)Ö$) Ðâ âÐ l*¼%* ÐSara€may€also€state€that€her€due€process€rights€applied€to€the€states€through€the€14òòthóó€AmendmentÐ ° Ðare€being€violated.€€She€is€being€deprived€of€her€right€to€travel€for€business€through€MarylandÐ –æ Ðwithout€being€subjected€to€a€search.Ð |Ì Ðâ âÌSara€may€also€state€that€her€equal€protection€rights€as€applied€to€the€states€through€the€14òòthóóÐ H˜ ÐAmendment€are€being€violated.€€Trucks€and€vehicles€that€weigh€less€than€5,000€pounds€withÐ . ~ ÐMaryland€license€plates€are€being€treated€better€with€no€inspection€as€opposed€to€trucks€thatÐ  d Ðweigh€more€than€5,€000€pounds€and€have€out„of„state€license€plates.€€Ð ú J ÐÌMary€may€challenge€the€law€as€over€broad.€€It€includes€all€foreign„born€persons€regardless€ofÐ Æ   Ðcitizenship.€€Mary€may€challenge€that€her€rights€to€an€education€are€being€violated.€€Since€MaryÐ ¬ ü  Ðis€not€an€alien€because€she€is€a€U.S.€citizen€and€there€is€no€fundamental€right€to€an€education€sheÐ ’â  Ðwill€have€to€use€the€rational€basis€test.€€The€law€is€not€rationally€related€to€a€legitimateÐ xÈ  Ðgovernment€interest.€€The€government€of€Maryland€is€to€comply€with€the€Federal€HomelandÐ ^®  ÐSecurity€Law€that€states€it€is€illegal€for€any€person€who€is€not€a€citizen€of€the€United€States€toÐ D”  Ðenroll€in€any€college€without€registering.€€If€the€states€are€permitted€to€enact€laws€that€areÐ *z  Ðinconsistent€with€the€federal€law€then€the€law€will€not€be€deemed€rationally€related.Ð ` ÐÌMaryððs€equal€protection€rights€via€the€14òòthóó€Amendment€are€being€violated€because€foreign„bornÐ Ü, Ðpersons€who€are€citizens€of€the€United€States€are€being€treated€differently€than€citizens€who€areÐ Â Ðnot€foreign€born.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌMaryððs€due€process€rights€via€the€14òòthóó€Amendment€to€life,€liberty€and€property€are€also€beingÐ tÄ Ðdenied.€€She,€as€a€United€States€citizen,€is€not€allowed€to€attend€the€University€of€MarylandÐ Zª Ðwithout€obtaining€a€security€clearance.€€€Ð @ ÐÌÌÌÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ×àÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€2݃ÿÿ×à9áÝÔ Ý áԌР¾ ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw÷XXXw÷ÔÝ  ÝÔ'̾-áÔÌStanding:Ð Š Ú ÐÌMaryððs€standing€to€challenge€the€registration€requirement€depends€on€whether€she€actuallyÐ V"¦! Ðintends€to€attend€the€University€of€Maryland.€€If€so,€the€need€to€obtain€a€police€clearance€wouldÐ <#Œ" Ðbe€a€concrete€detriment€providing€standing.€€However,€if€she€has€been€accepted€to€colleges€out„Ð "$r# Ðof„state,€Maryland€could€argue€she€lacks€standing€as€she€has€not€established€any€effect€on€herÐ %X $ Ðyet.Ð î%>!% ÐÌSaraððs€standing€is€also€open€to€attack.€€The€truck€law€does€not€state€that€searches€of€out„of„stateÐ º' #' Ðtrucks€have€to€be€conducted,€only€that€they€may.€€Saraððs€fear€of€being€searched€is€not€a€concreteÐ  (ð#( Ðinjury.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌAssuming€each€has€standing,€the€following€challenges€may€be€brought.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', ÐTruck€Law:Ð ° ÐÌSara€can€challenge€the€truck€law€as€a€violation€of€the€Commerce,€Equal€Protection€and€PrivilegesÐ |Ì Ðand€Immunities€Clauses.€€If€the€law€places€an€undue€burden€on€interstate€commerce,€MarylandÐ b² Ðmust€show€that€it€was€necessary€to€achieve€an€important€governmental€purpose.€€Sara€can€argueÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€daily€searches€on€out„of„state€trucks€burden€commerce€and€are€not€necessary€to€achieveÐ . ~ Ðsafety.€€The€State€will€counter€that€the€act€is€within€its€police€powers€and€that€Congress€expresslyÐ  d Ðauthorized€it€in€the€Homeland€Law.Ð ú J ÐÌSara€can€argue€that€the€law€discriminates€against€out„of„state€truckers€and€impairs€their€ability€toÐ Æ   Ðearn€a€livelihood,€in€violation€of€the€Privileges€and€Immunities€Clause.€€Based€on€this,€the€LawÐ ¬ ü  Ðmust€be€necessary€to€achieve€an€important€purpose.Ð ’â  ÐÌUnder€an€equal€protection€analysis€the€discrimination€against€out„of„Ô_ÔstatersÔ_Ô€would€only€trigger€aÐ ^®  Ðrational€basis€review,€as€they€are€not€a€protected€class,€so€this€is€a€weaker€argument€for€Sara.Ð D”  ÐÌStudent€Registration€Law:Ð ` ÐÌIt€may€be€a€violation€of€the€Equal€Protection€Clause.€€Aliens€are€a€protected€class,€so€theÐ Ü, Ðtargeting€of€them€triggers€strict€scrutiny€and€the€requirement€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€aÐ Â Ðcompelling€state€interest.€€The€State€will€not€be€able€to€meet€this€burden,€given€that€the€federalÐ ¨ø Ðgovernment€is€implementing€national€measures.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌThe€power€to€regulate€immigration€is€reserved€solely€for€Congress€under€the€Constitution€andÐ Zª Ðthe€State€may€not€interfere.€€The€authorization€to€enact€laws€consistent€with€the€HomelandÐ @ ÐSecurity€Law€cannot€override€the€Constitution.€€The€State€will€counter€that€Congress€canÐ &v Ðdelegate€such€authority€to€act.Ð   \ Ðò òà@!!%ìàQuestion€7ó óˆÐ ° Ðò òó óÌÓ  Óà  àIn€December€2002,€the€Grays€bought€a€large€farm€in€Anne€Arundel€County€from€JoeÐ |Ì ÐOwings.€€Across€that€farm€was€a€dirt€road,€fifteen€feet€wide.€€This€road€went€between€Route€2Ð b² Ðand€Makin€Road,€which€are€two€public€roads.€€The€dirt€road€is€located€completely€on€the€GraysððÐ H˜ Ðproperty.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àThe€Smiths€live€directly€across€from€the€Graysðð€property€on€Makin€Road.€€They€haveÐ ú J Ðlived€there€since€1985€and€often€use€this€dirt€road€as€a€short€cut€from€Makin€Road€to€Route€2.€Ð à 0 ÐThe€Smiths€acquired€their€property€from€the€Jones€who€had€owned€the€property€since€1953.€€Mr.Ð Æ   Ðand€Mrs.€Jones€and€their€son€Joe€still€live€in€the€area.€€Joe€recalls€using€the€dirt€road€as€a€shortcutÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhen€he€drove€to€high€school€in€1973€and€1974.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Jones€said€that€throughout€theÐ ’â  Ðtime€they€lived€on€Makin€Road,€several€neighboring€families€often€used€the€dirt€road€as€a€shortÐ xÈ  Ðcut€to€Route€2.€€They€said€Owings€was€aware€of€the€situation€because€they€remember€oftenÐ ^®  Ðseeing€him€waving€at€the€cars.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Jones€said€they€didnððt€recall€using€the€roadÐ D”  Ðthemselves€more€than€once€or€twice€and€donððt€recall€ever€discussing€the€use€of€the€road€withÐ *z  ÐOwings.€€Ð ` ÐÌà  àThe€Smiths€had€never€discussed€their€use€of€the€ð ðshortcutðð€with€Owings€but€were€long„Ð Ü, Ðtime€friends.Ð Â ÐÌà  àThe€Grays€do€not€know€the€Smiths.€€After€seeing€the€Smiths€drive€across€this€dirt€road,Ð ŽÞ Ðthey€decided€to€put€up€a€locked€gate€at€the€entrance€to€the€dirt€road€at€Makin€Road€so€that€neitherÐ tÄ Ðthe€Smiths€nor€anyone€else€could€use€the€road.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àThe€Smiths€have€come€to€your€firm€to€inquire€as€to€their€right€to€continue€to€use€the€roadÐ &v Ðand€have€the€gate€taken€down.€€Ð  \ Ðò òÌà  àWhat€legal€theory€or€theories€can€be€used€to€establish€the€Smithððs€right€to€use€theÐ Ø( Ðroad?€€Based€upon€the€facts€as€presented,€how€will€a€court€rule?€Explain€your€answer€fully.Ð ¾ ÐÌà@@@ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ Š Ú ÐÌà  àThe€only€legal€theory€to€support€or€establish€the€Smithððs€right€to€use€the€dirt€road€wouldÐ V"¦! Ðbe€to€argue€there€is€an€easement€created€in€the€dirt€road.€€There€are€four€ways€in€which€anÐ <#Œ" Ðeasement€is€created;€through€necessity,€express€grant,€prescription€and€implied.€€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  à1.€€The€facts€do€òònotóó€indicate€the€existence€of€a€òògrant€givenóó€by€the€Owings.Ð î%>!% Ðà  à2.€€Neither€is€there€any€indication€that€the€Owings€once€owned€the€Smithððs€land€as€wellÐ Ô&$"& Ðand€used€the€dirt€road,€thus€creating€an€òòimplied€easementóó.Ð º' #' Ðà  à3.€€There€is€òòno€indication€of€necessityóó€on€the€part€of€the€Smiths€to€get€from€Route€2€sinceÐ  (ð#( ÐMakin€Road€is€in€front€of€the€home€and€is€a€public€road.Ð †)Ö$) Ðà  à4.€€The€only€legal€theory€that€would€support€the€Smithððs€right€would€be€an€òòeasement€byÐ l*¼%* Ðprescriptionóó.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àTo€obtain€or€create€an€easement€by€prescription,€the€Smith€must€show€there€has€beenÐ ° Ðòòcontinuous,€open€and€notorious€actual€use€of€the€dirt€road€for€the€statutory€period€that€was€hostileóóÐ –æ Ðto€the€owner€of€the€Ô_ÔservientÔ_Ô€land„in€this€case€the€Owings.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àThe€facts€indicate€that€the€Smiths€have€been€using€the€dirt€road€for€17€years.€€While€IÐ H˜ Ðcanððt€recall€if€the€period€of€years€for€adverse€possession€in€Maryland€is€15€or€20€years,€it€appearsÐ . ~ Ðall€the€other€elements€would€be€met.€€The€Smiths€state€that€they€often€use€the€dirt€road€to€get€toÐ  d ÐRoute€2€openly€and€the€Owings€were€aware.€€Yet,€even€thought€they€were€friends,€the€OwingsÐ ú J Ðòònever€gave€them€permission.óó€€So,€since€easement€appurtenant€run€with€the€land,€this€would€stillÐ à 0 Ðexist.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àHowever,€if€the€statutory€period€instead€is€20€years,€a€somewhat€tenuous€argument€couldÐ ’â  Ðbe€the€creation€of€a€public€easement.€€The€facts€indicate€that€several€families€often€used€the€dirtÐ xÈ  Ðroad€at€least€from€1953.€€A€court€could€hold€that€the€dirt€road€is€now€an€easement€that€benefitsÐ ^®  Ðthe€entire€neighborhood.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àòòConclusionóó:€At€any€rate,€if€the€statutory€period€is€15€years€a€court€could€hold€that€theÐ ` ÐSmiths€have€created€an€easement€by€prescription€based€on€the€use€for€17€years.€€If€the€statutoryÐ öF Ðperiod€is€20€years,€a€court€could€hold€that€since€the€Jonesðð€themselves€didnððt€continuously€useÐ Ü, Ðthe€dirt€road€then€there€may€be€an€equitable€solution€in€that€an€easement€to€the€public€has€beenÐ Â Ðcreated.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà@@@ìàò òà@@BBìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àInitially,€it€has€to€be€determined€whether€or€not€a€prescriptive€easement€has€been€created.€Ð @ ÐA€prescriptive€easement€is€akin€to€a€taking€by€adverse€possession.€€Here,€the€dirt€road€had€toÐ &v Ðhave€been€used€openly€and€notoriously€continuous€hostile€to€the€rights€of€the€landowner€and€forÐ  \ Ðthe€statute€of€limitations€period.€€The€reason€we€are€looking€at€a€prescriptive€easement€is€becauseÐ òB Ðan€express€easement€was€not€granted€by€the€Owings.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àThe€Smiths€have€been€using€this€dirt€road€since€1985€as€a€shortcut.€€This€would€eliminateÐ ¤ô Ðthe€possibility€of€there€being€an€easement€by€necessity€because€there€was€an€alternative€way€toÐ Š Ú Ðget€from€Makin€Road€to€Rte.€2.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àThe€fact€that€they€had€been€using€the€road€since€1985€is€important€because€the€statute€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðlimitations€in€Maryland€is€20€years.€€It€had€only€been€used€by€the€Smiths€for€17€years,€this€isÐ "$r# Ðinsufficient€to€satisfy€the€statue€of€limitations.Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àHowever,€this€does€not€end€the€query.€€There€is€evidence€that€the€predecessors€in€interestÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€the€Smiths,€the€Jonesðð€had€owned€the€property€since€1953.€€The€Jonesðð€state€that€they€had€usedÐ º' #' Ðthe€dirt€road€a€couple€of€times€during€their€tenure€of€ownership.€€Their€son€Joe€recalls€using€itÐ  (ð#( Ðregularly€in€1973€and€1974.€€Joe€stated€that€he€recalled€others€using€it€and€indicated€that€OwingsÐ †)Ö$) Ðwould€wave€at€the€neighbors€as€they€used€the€dirt€road.€€The€Jonesðð€were€not€given€an€expressÐ l*¼%* Ðeasement€by€Owings€because€they€stated€such€an€easement€had€not€been€discussed.€€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àThe€prior€ownership€and€use€by€the€Jones€is€important€in€determining€whether€or€not€theÐ ° Ðprinciple€of€tacking€can€apply.€€Tacking€is€a€concept€whereby€the€current€possessor€or€user€of€anÐ –æ Ðeasement€can€add€the€number€of€years€of€use€of€a€predecessor€in€order€to€satisfy€the€statute€ofÐ |Ì Ðlimitations€period.€€Here,€tacking€would€apply€if€the€other€elements€of€adverse€possession€applyÐ b² Ðto€the€òòJonesððóó€use.€The€Jonesðð,€as€stated€above,€do€not€recall€using€the€dirt€road€more€than€aÐ H˜ Ðcouple€of€times€during€their€ownership€of€the€farm€property€now€owned€by€the€Smiths.€€Joe€onlyÐ . ~ Ðused€it€in€1973€and€1974.€€Neither€of€these€uses€would€satisfy€the€òòcontinuousóó€element€ofÐ  d Ðprescriptive€easement.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àHaving€failed€here,€no€prescriptive€easement€can€be€had.€€Additionally,€though€otherÐ Æ   Ðneighbors€used€it,€they€are€not€predecessors€in€interest€for€the€Smiths€therefore,€tacking€cannotÐ ¬ ü  Ðapply€to€their€use.€€Finally,€even€if€Owings€had€waved€to€neighbors€as€they€used€the€land€(dirtÐ ’â  Ðroad)€thereby€making€their€use€open,€again,€they€are€not€predecessors€in€interest€to€the€Smiths.€Ð xÈ  ÐThis€eliminates€any€possibility€of€a€prescriptive€easement.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àHowever,€there€may€be€an€opportunity€to€see€an€implied€easement€here.€€An€impliedÐ *z  Ðeasement€only€applies€if€Owings€had€owned€both€parcels€of€land€and€sold€one€and€that€becameÐ ` Ðthe€dominant€tenement€to€his€Ô_ÔservientÔ_Ô€tenement.€€He€would€have€had€to€have€previously€beenÐ öF Ðusing€the€dirt€road€and€there€would€have€had€to€have€been€necessity.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àThere€are€no€facts€indicating€Owings€ever€owned€both€parcels.€€Therefore€this€theoryÐ ¨ø Ðwould€be€eliminated.Ð  ŽÞ Ðò òà@!!%ìàQuestion€8ˆÐ ° ÐÔ‡ôÑPòXXw÷Ôà@ìì*ìàˆÌó óà  àÔ#†Xw÷XòôÑP¬#Ô17€year€old€Cindy€Smith€was€in€an€automobile€accident€on€February€1,€2002.€€She€wasÐ U¥ Ðtaken€to€the€emergency€room€of€General€Hospital€in€Talbot€County,€Maryland.€€Cindy€sustainedÐ ;‹ Ðvarious€injuries€and€was€unconscious€when€she€arrived€at€the€hospital.€€Unable€to€find€anyÐ !q Ðidentification€and€due€to€the€severity€of€her€injuries,€the€attending€physicians€treated€CindyÐ  W Ðimmediately€even€though€there€was€no€agreement€regarding€payment.€€Several€hours€after€sheÐ í = Ðwas€admitted,€Cindy€regained€consciousness;€she€remained€in€the€hospital€for€three€days.€€CindyÐ Ó # Ðfully€recovered€from€her€injuries.€Ð ¹  ÐÌà  àYou€are€the€attorney€for€the€hospital€in€charge€of€debt€collection.€€In€March€of€2003,€youÐ … Õ  Ðare€asked€to€file€suit€to€collect€fees€totaling€$75,000€arising€out€of€Cindyððs€treatment€inÐ k»  Ðconnection€with€her€automobile€accident.€€The€hospital€file€shows€that€previous€attempts€toÐ Q¡  Ðcollect€this€debt€from€Cindyððs€parents€have€failed,€that€Cindyððs€parents€moved€out€of€the€StateÐ 7‡  Ðmonths€ago,€and€probably€are€not€able€to€pay€the€debt.€€Cindy,€however,€still€resides€in€the€areaÐ m  Ðand€is€employed€full„time€as€an€office€receptionist.€Ð S  ÐÌà  àò òWhat€legal€theories€of€recovery,€if€any,€exist€to€recover€this€debt€from€Cindy?€€WhatÐ Ï Ðdefenses,€if€any,€may€Cindy€raise€to€defeat€such€theories,€and€what€is€the€likely€outcome?€Ð µ ÐExplain€your€answer€fully.Ð ›ë ÐÌà@@@ìàREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óˆÐ g· ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€best€possible€theory€of€recovery€would€be€by€virtue€of€the€Talbot€GeneralÐ 3ƒ ÐHospital€attempting€to€recover€òòquasi€contractóó.€€Technically,€a€quasi„contract€is€not€really€even€aÐ i Ðcontract€at€all;€however,€it€provides€a€way€for€the€plaintiff€to€recover€for€bestowing€a€certainÐ ÿO Ðbenefit€on€the€defendant.€€Here,€we€cannot€argue€that€an€actual€contract€was€formed€because€weÐ å5 Ðdo€not€have€the€essential€contract€elements€of€offer,€acceptance,€and€consideration.€€It€would€beÐ Ë Ðimpossible€for€€such€a€bargained€for€exchange€to€take€place€because€Cindy€was€unconscious€atÐ ± Ðthe€time€she€reached€the€hospital,€and€therefore,€it€would€be€impossible€for€her€to€agree€to€anyÐ —ç Ðoffer€by€the€hospital€to€provide€her€with€care.Ð }Í ÐÌà  àHowever,€it€is€undeniable€that€the€hospital€benefitted€Cindy€in€a€great€way.€€In€fact,€theyÐ I!™  Ðtreated€Cindy€for€severe€injuries€(from€which€she€òòrecovered€fullyóó),€and€they€incurred€expensesÐ /"! Ðfor€care€and€treatment€in€the€sum€of€$75,000,€and€should€therefore€be€entitled€to€compensationÐ #e" Ðfor€providing€such€a€benefit.Ð û#K# ÐÌà  àIt€is€likely€that€Cindy€will€raise€a€couple€of€defenses.€€First,€she€will€claim€that€she€did€òònotÐ Ç%!% Ðconsentóó€to€the€hospital€caring€for€her,€and€hence€she€should€not€be€liable.€€The€hospital€canÐ ­&ý!& Ðdefeat€this€defense€because€they€would€have€been€subjected€to€a€negligence€suit€had€they€notÐ “'ã"' Ðcared€for€Cindy.€€As€a€hospital,€they€had€a€special€duty€of€care€by€virtue€of€their€professionÐ y(É#( Ð(doctors,€nurses,€medical€personnel,€etc.)€to€provide€a€severely€injured€patient€with€care€or€theyÐ _)¯$) Ðwould€be€held€to€have€breached€this€duty.€€Therefore,€any€lack€of€consent€or€mental€incapacityÐ E*•%* Ðdefense€by€Cindy€should€be€unacceptable,€as€the€hospital€provided€the€appropriate€care€and€metÐ ++{&+ Ðits€legal€duty.Ð ,a', Їà  àNext,€Cindy€will€likely€raise€the€defense€of€incapacity€by€virtue€of€the€fact€that€she€was€aÐ ° Ðòòminoróó€when€brought€in€for€care.€€The€defense€can€be€overcome€for€two€reasons:€1)€Minors€areÐ –æ Ðresponsible€for€òònecessariesóó,€and€2)€The€individual€can€be€held€liable€when€the€incapacity€isÐ |Ì Ðended.€€Medical€care€for€a€severely€injured€patient€should€be€sufficiently€established€asÐ b² Ðnecessary.€€Hence,€Cindy€is€responsible.€€Second,€at€the€time€of€the€suit€(March€2003),€Cindy€isÐ H˜ Ðover€18€and€gainfully€employed€full„time.€€Hence,€her€incapacity€is€over.€€So,€I€could€file€suitÐ . ~ Ðand,€potentially,€have€the€court€garner€wages€of€Cindy€to€satisfy€her€debt.€€Hospital€wins!Ð  d ÐÌà@@@ìàò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óˆÐ à 0 ÐÌA.€€òòTheory€#1:€Contractual€relationship€implied€by€the€behavior€of€the€parties.óó€€Although€thereÐ ¬ ü  Ðwas€clearly€no€express€offer€and€acceptance€in€Cindyððs€case,€a€contractual€relationship€could€beÐ ’â  Ðimplied€from€the€acts€of€the€parties.€€The€need€for€an€offer€and€acceptance€was€obviated€by€theÐ xÈ  Ðemergency€situation.€€The€contract€would€therefore€be€for€services.€(common€law,€not€UCC)€TheÐ ^®  Ðimplied€condition€precedent€to€Cindyððs€obligation€to€pay€is€the€hospitalððs€treatment€of€herÐ D”  Ðinjuries.€€This€type€of€implied€contract€with€implied€conditions€governing€time€for€payment€isÐ *z  Ðnot€uncommon€in€the€real€world€(e.g.€hailing€a€taxi€cab,€having€your€haircut,€services€first,€payÐ ` Ðlater).Ð öF ÐÌà  àCindy,€therefore,€breached€this€implied€contract€when€she€failed€to€pay€for€the€servicesÐ Â Ðrendered€by€the€hospital.€€Under€this€theory,€she€owes€the€hospital€$75,000.Ð ¨ø ÐÌB.€€òòTheory€#2:€Quasi„contract€recovery.óó€Maryland€law€allows€aggrieved€parties€who€haveÐ tÄ Ðconferred€a€benefit€in€expectation€of€payment€to€recover€the€value€of€their€services€if€anotherÐ Zª Ðparty€would€be€unjustly€enriched.€€Requirements€are€1)€Plaintiff€conferred€a€benefit,€2)Ð @ ÐDefendant€knew€of€that€benefit,€and€3)€It€would€unjustly€enrich€the€defendant€if€she€wereÐ &v Ðallowed€to€accept€the€benefits€without€payment.€€Clearly,€the€hospital€has€conferred€the€benefitÐ  \ Ðof€the€life„saving€medical€treatment.€€Cindy€knew€of€the€benefit€because€she€became€consciousÐ òB Ðafter€a€few€hours€and€stayed€for€3€days€„€then€recovered.€€It€would€be€unjust€for€Cindy€to€acceptÐ Ø( Ðfree€medical€treatment€without€obligation€to€pay.Ð ¾ ÐÌC.€€òòCindyððs€defenses.óóÐ Š Ú ÐÌà  àòòIncapacity€to€contract:óó€Under€Maryland€law,€minors€(less€than€18)€do€not€haveÐ V"¦! Ðcontractual€capacity.€€Cindy€was€17€at€the€time€of€the€accident€and€could€defend€based€on€herÐ <#Œ" Ðincapacity€to€contract.€€In€addition,€she€is€now€over€18€(since€the€accident€occurred€in€2/02€and€itÐ "$r# Ðis€now€3/02)€and€she€continues€to€Ô_ÔdisaffirmÔ_Ô€the€contract€by€refusing€to€pay;€she€could€haveÐ %X $ Ðratified€if€she€accepted€her€obligation€after€reaching€the€age€of€majority,€but€did€not.Ð î%>!% ÐÌà  àHer€defense€of€minority€will€likely€fail€because€this€is€a€contract€for€necessities.€€The€lawÐ º' #' Ðwill€not€allow€Cindy€to€Ô_ÔdisaffirmÔ_Ô€because€knowledge€that€minors€could€freely€Ô_ÔdisaffirmÔ_Ô€contractsÐ  (ð#( Ðfor€necessities€would€lead€to€service€providers€of€necessities€being€unwilling€to€aid€minors€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðemergencies.Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àòòNo€express€contract:óó€Cindy€could€also€defend€based€on€the€failure€of€an€express€orÐ ° Ðâ âimplied€contract€due€to€her€unconsciousness.€€This€defense,€however,€would€fail€since€she€didÐ –æ Ðeventually€regain€consciousness€and€continue€to€accept€the€hospitalððs€services€seemingly€withoutÐ |Ì Ðprotest€(she€stayed€3€days€and€recovered€from€her€injuries).Ð b² ÐÌà  àòòStatue€of€fraud:óó€Cindy€has€no€valid€argument€that€the€contract€falls€within€the€statue€ofÐ . ~ Ðfrauds€(and€should€have€therefore€been€in€writing)€since€this€is€a€contract€for€services€capable€ofÐ  d Ðbeing€performed€within€a€year.Ð ú J ÐÌoutcome:€Cindy€is€obligated€to€pay€the€value€of€services€rendered.Ð  Æ   Ðò òà@``$ìàQUESTION€€9ó ó€ˆÐ ° ÐÔÈ^®–æÔDavid€Davidson€is€the€branch€manager€for€the€Owings€Mills€branch€of€National€Bank€inÐ ^® ÐBaltimore€County,€Maryland.€National€Bank€gives€all€new€customers€a€copy€of€the€bank'sÐ D” ÐDeposit€Agreement€and€Disclosures€as€well€as€other€documents€concerning€the€customer's€newÐ *z Ðaccount.€€The€Deposit€Agreement€and€Disclosures€contains€a€provision€which€states:Ð  ` ÐÔȾ ö FÔÓ XÓÓ XÓÓB+ ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ÜÜ‹Xü!BÓ€"You€must€give€the€bank€written€notice€of€any€irregularity€on€your€accountÐ ¾  Ðpromptly,€and€in€no€event€later€than€15€days€after€the€date€of€your€statementÐ ¤ ô Ðreflecting€the€irregularity.€€ò òFailure€to€give€such€notice€of€any€irregularitiesÐ Š Ú Ðwithin€15€days€shall€preclude€you€from€recovering€any€amounts€from€usó ó."Ð p À ÐÔÈn V¦ ÔÓ XÓÓ XÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ŠXÐ HÓNational€Bank€provides€a€copy€of€bank€statements€to€all€customers€between€the€3òòrdóó€and€5òòthóó€day€ofÐ n  Ðevery€month.€€The€statements€reflect€transactions€on€the€account€from€the€preceding€month.€Ð T  ÐÔȲ ê: ÔSmall€Co.€is€a€small€engineering€company€in€Owings€Mills.€€Small€Co.€has€a€business€operatingÐ ²  Ðaccount€with€National€Bank,€but€never€pays€any€salaries€through€this€account.€€Slick€Rick€was€anÐ ˜è  Ðemployee€of€Small€Co.,€but€was€fired€for€embezzling€funds.€Small€Co.€was€unaware€that€theÐ ~Î  Ðnight€after€he€was€fired,€Slick€had€stolen€three€company€business€checks.€€Slick€forged€theÐ d´ Ðcompany€accountant's€signature€on€all€three€checks€and€made€the€checks€all€payable€to€himself.€Ð Jš ÐSlick€wrote€"Salary"€in€the€memo€line€of€all€three€checks.Ð 0€ ÐÔÈÞ.fÔSlick€cashed€the€first€check€on€May€9,€2002,€in€the€amount€of€$5,000€at€National€Bank.€€SlickÐ Þ. Ðcashed€the€second€check€on€June€15,€2002,€in€the€amount€of€$6,000,€and€the€last€check€forÐ Ä Ð$7,000€on€August€24,€2002.€€National€Bank€debited€Small€Co.'s€account€in€the€amount€of€eachÐ ªú Ðcheck€on€the€dates€the€checks€were€cashed.€€Slick€then€moved€to€Alaska.Ð à ÐÔÈ>ŽvÆÔOn€August€30,€2002,€Small€Co.'s€accountant€reviewed€the€statements€received€in€June€and€JulyÐ >Ž Ðwhich€reflected€the€May€and€June€transactions.€€As€a€result,€he€discovered€the€May€9€and€June€15Ð $t Ðunauthorized€transactions€and€gave€written€notice€to€the€bank.€€After€reviewing€the€SeptemberÐ  Z Ðstatement€which€reflected€the€August€transactions,€the€accountant€also€discovered€the€August€24Ð ð@ Ðunauthorized€transaction€and€gave€the€bank€written€notice€on€September€5,€2002.€€Small€Co€thenÐ Ö& Ðbrings€suit€against€the€National€Bank€to€recover€the€$18,000€debited€from€the€account€as€a€resultÐ ¼  Ðof€the€unauthorized€transactions€by€Slick.Ð ¢!ò ÐÔÈP# ˆ"ØÔDavidson€comes€to€you,€a€Maryland€attorney,€for€advice€on€any€defenses€National€Bank€mayÐ P#  Ðhave€under€Maryland€Commercial€Law.Ð 6$† ÐÌò òGive€an€analysis€of€any€defenses€National€Bank€may€have,€and€any€counter„arguments€youÐ &R! Ðbelieve€Small€Co.€may€raise.Ð è&8"  ÐÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ô‡,X¸XXXw÷Ôó óÐ ´($" ÐÓ  ÓÔ#†Xw÷XX,X¸bC#ÔÌSection€4„103(a)€of€the€Commercial€Code€in€Maryland,€states€that€the€provisions€of€this€title€mayÐ €*Ð%$ Ðbe€varied€by€agreement.€€However,€the€bank€may€not€limit€the€measure€of€damages€for€theÐ f+¶&% Ðfailure€to€exercise€ordinary€care€or€to€act€in€good€faith.€€Here,€the€agreement€which€is€betweenÐ L,œ'& ÐNational€Bank€and€Small€Co.€clearly€states€that€the€customer€has€15€days€to€notify€the€bank€afterÐ ° Ðdiscovering€an€irregularity€in€the€bank€statement.€€Ð –æ ÐÌSection€4„404(c)(a),€states€that€a€customer€must€exercise€reasonable€promptness€in€examiningÐ b² Ðthe€bank€statement€and€determining€whatever€any€payment€was€"not€authorized€because€ofÐ H˜ Ðalteration"€or€"a€purported€signature€by€or€on€behalf€of€a€customer€was€not€authorized."Ð . ~ ÐÌThe€agreement€indicates€that€Small€Co.€had€15€days€after€receipt€of€the€bank€statement€to€reportÐ ú J Ðirregularities€to€the€Bank.€€15€days€seems€to€be€a€reasonable€time€in€which€to€discover€defects€inÐ à 0 Ða€bank€statement€and€in€which€to€notify€the€bank.€€These€standards€do€not€seem€to€be€manifestlyÐ Æ   Ðunreasonable.€€Thus,€under€Section€4„103(a),€the€bank€and€the€customer€appear€to€have€properlyÐ ¬ ü  Ðagreed€upon€the€"standards€by€which€the€bank's€responsibility€is€to€be€measured."€€Therefore,€theÐ ’â  Ð15€day€discovery€and€notification€in€the€agreement€will€be€binding€on€the€parties.€€Ð xÈ  ÐÌThe€first€check€was€cashed€by€the€bank€on€May€9,€2002€and€the€second€check€was€cashed€onÐ D”  ÐJune€15,€2002.€€It€was€not€until€August€30,€2002,€that€the€Small€Co.€accountant€reviewed€theÐ *z  Ðstatements.€€The€accountant€notified€the€bank€in€writing€of€these€discrepancies€on€August€30.€Ð ` ÐPer€their€agreement,€Small€Co.€did€not€notify€the€bank€in€a€timely€fashion.€€Therefore,€the€bankÐ öF Ðcan€assert€that€per€the€agreement,€they€are€not€liable€on€either€the€$5,000€check€or€the€$6,000Ð Ü, Ðcheck.€€Ð  ÐÌThe€third€check€for€$7,000€was€paid€on€the€24òòthóó€of€August.€€Small€Co.€did€give€the€bank€timelyÐ ŽÞ Ðnotice€of€this€irregularity€on€the€5òòthóó€of€September.€€As€to€this€check,€Small€Co.€will€assert€thatÐ tÄ Ðnotification€on€the€5òòthóó€of€September€was€timely€and€that€they€therefore€should€not€be€liable€on€theÐ Zª Ð$7,000€check.€€Ð @ ÐÌThe€Bank€can€assert€that€because€of€Small€Co.'s€failure€to€notify€the€bank€in€a€timely€manner€asÐ  \ Ðto€the€first€two€checks,€that€Section€4„406(d)(2)€precludes€Small€Co.€from€recovery€of€the€moneyÐ òB Ðbecause€the€original€failure€of€the€company€to€timely€notify€the€bank€of€the€checks€now€works€asÐ Ø( Ða€bar€to€asserting€this€defense€because€the€unauthorized€signature€was€the€same€as€the€other€twoÐ ¾ Ðchecks€and€the€bank€paid€the€third€check€in€good€faith€on€the€24òòthóó€of€August,€6€days€before€theyÐ ¤ô Ðhad€notice.€€Ð Š Ú ÐÌSmall€Co.€is€going€to€claim€that€the€bank€failed€to€exercise€ordinary€care€in€paying€checksÐ V"¦! Ðmarked€salary€out€of€an€account€that€wasn't€a€payroll€account€ð!ð€Section€4„406(e).€€This€defense,Ð <#Œ" Ðif€successful,€would€allocate€the€cost€between€Small€Co.€and€the€bank.€€Small€Co.€may€also€raiseÐ "$r# Ðthat€the€agreement€is€not€enforceable€because€of€the€preclusion€statement€that€limits€the€bank'sÐ %X $ Ðliability.€€A€bank€under€4„103€cannot€disclaim€a€bank's€duty€to€act€with€good€faith€or€reasonableÐ î%>!% Ðcare.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€Small€Co.€was€successful€with€the€ordinary€care€argument€andÐ Ô&$"& ÐSection€4„406(e)€would€pertain€to€the€agreement,€and€the€cost€would€be€allocated€between€theÐ º' #' Ðbank€and€Small€Co.Ð  (ð#( Ðâ âÐ †)Ö$) ÐÓ  Óò òÔ& d Ôâ âREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌThe€bank€can€defend€against€the€first€two€checks,€cashed€in€May€and€June,€because€Small€Co.Ð |Ì Ðdid€not€give€the€bank€written€notice€of€the€"irregularities"€until€after€the€15òò€óóday€period€requiredÐ b² Ðby€the€deposit€agreement.€€Section€4„406(d)€also€provides€that€a€customer€who€fails€to€examineÐ H˜ Ðthe€statement€and€notify€the€bank€is€precluded€from€assertingÔ'd°ÀSÔ€their€unauthorized€signature.€€Ð . ~ ÐÌThe€bank€can€defend€against€the€third€check€because,€even€though€Small€Co.€gave€the€bankÐ ú J Ðnotice€within€15€days€of€the€statement,€Section€4„406(d)€provides€that€if€the€customer€fails€toÐ à 0 Ðgive€notice€the€customer€cannot€assert€the€unauthorized€signature€by€the€same€wrong€doer€onÐ Æ   Ðanother€item€that€was€paid€by€the€bank€before€receiving€the€customer's€notice.€€The€bank€paid€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðthird€check€on€August€24,€but€did€not€receive€notice€of€the€first€two€checks€until€August€30.€€Ð ’â  ÐÌSmall€Co.€will€counter€that€the€bank€failed€to€exercise€reasonable/ordinary€care€and€that€failureÐ ^®  Ðcontributed€to€the€loss,€so€the€loss€would€be€allocated€between€Small€Co.€and€the€bank€perÐ D”  ÐSection€4„406(e).€€Small€Co.€never€paid€salary€out€of€its€National€Bank€account€and€yet€the€threeÐ *z  Ðchecks€Slick€passed€all€said€"salary"€in€the€memo€line.€€If€the€bank€had€exercised€ordinary€care,€itÐ ` Ðwould€have€noticed€this€and€realized€that€something€was€wrong.Ð öF ÐÌÌò òÐ  ¨ø Ðà@``%ìàQUESTION€10ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÓ  Óà  àKeg,€LLC€(ð ðKegðð),€a€limited€liability€company,€was€duly€formed€in€Maryland.€€ItsÐ |Ì Ðoperating€agreement€lawfully€contained€provisions€similar€to€those€found€in€the€formation€ofÐ b² ÐMaryland€corporations,€as€follows:Ð H˜ ÐÌÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓB+` ` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°ŒX(#BÓ1)à ` àThe€board€of€directors€(ð ðBoardðð)€is€elected€by€the€members€of€the€LLC€to€manage€Ð  d Ðthe€LLC;Ð ú J ÐÐ à 0 ÐÓ ¨ýÓÓ °ÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#` ` ` ŠX(#HÓà  àEach€director€is€subject€to€the€duties€of€a€member€of€a€board€of€directors€for€a€corporationÐ Æ   Ðas€defined€by€Maryland€law,€and€The€Board€may€require€each€member€to€transfer€all€memberÐ ¬ ü  Ðinterests€and€receive€cash€in€lieu€thereof€to€facilitate€reclassification€and€restructure€of€the€LLCÐ ’â  Ðthat€has€been€approved€by€the€Board€and€ratified€by€the€members.Ð xÈ  ÐÌÓ XÓSeveral€years€after€its€formation,€Keg€faced€financial€liquidity€problems.€After€lengthyÐ D”  Ðdiscussions€at€several€joint€meetings€of€the€Board€and€the€members,€the€Board€voted€to€removeÐ *z  Ðthe€current€authorized€person€and€manager,€Charles,€and€replace€him€with€Bob,€a€member€of€theÐ ` ÐBoard.€€Bob€owned€a€preferred€member€interest€in€Keg.€€All€other€members€owned€theÐ öF Ðremaining€interests€of€Keg,€which€were€subordinate€to€Bobððs€interests€and€which€had€no€realÐ Ü, Ðvalue€unless€Kegððs€value€exceeded€$15€Million.Ð Â ÐÐ ¨ø ÐIt€took€several€months€for€Keg€to€locate€financing€to€alleviate€its€liquidity€problem.€€TheÐ ŽÞ Ðlender€required€Bob€to€personally€guarantee€a€$7€Million€loan€for€Keg.€€Bob€made€a€proposal€toÐ tÄ Ðthe€Board€that€he€would€furnish€the€guarantee€but€only€if€Kegððs€membership€interests€wereÐ Zª Ðreclassified€into€a€single€class€of€member€interests€without€any€preferences.€€The€reclassificationÐ @ Ðwould€be€based€on€a€current€fair€market€value€of€Keg€as€determined€by€an€independent€appraiser.€Ð &v ÐUnder€Bobððs€proposal,€if€Kegððs€value€does€not€exceed€$l5€Million,€he€would€own€virtually€all€ofÐ  \ ÐKeg.€€After€careful€review€and€analysis€of€the€proposal€and€reports,€all€members€of€Kegððs€BoardÐ òB Ð(except€for€Charles€and€Bob,€who€both€abstained)€voted€unanimously€to€recommend€BobððsÐ Ø( Ðproposal€to€the€members,€and€the€members€(except€Bob,€who€abstained)€ratified€the€proposal.Ð ¾ Ѐ€Ð ¤ô ÐThereafter,€the€Board€obtained€an€independent€appraisal€that€reported€the€value€of€Keg€atÐ Š Ú Ð$15.1€Million.€€Accordingly,€Bob€received€nearly€all€of€the€reclassified€member€interests,€andÐ p!À  ÐCharles€and€the€other€members€received€the€fractional€balance€of€the€member€interests.€€A€monthÐ V"¦! Ðlater,€the€Board€(except€Bob,€who€abstained)€voted€to€eliminate€all€fractional€interests€inÐ <#Œ" Ðexchange€for€cash.€Ð "$r# ЀÌCharles€sues€Bob€and€each€member€of€the€Board€for€breach€of€contract€and€for€breach€ofÐ î%>!% Ðthe€standard€of€care€for€actions€taken€by€the€Board.€€Bob€and€the€other€members€of€the€BoardÐ Ô&$"& Ðwho€have€been€sued€by€Charles€seek€advice€from€a€Maryland€lawyer€regarding€their€defenses€toÐ º' #' Ðthe€complaint.Ð  (ð#( Ðò òÐ †)Ö$) ÐDiscuss€the€legal€liability€of€Bob€and€the€members€of€the€Board,€and€address€theÐ l*¼%* Ðlikelihood€of€success€of€the€claims€made€by€Charles.Ð R+¢&+ Ðó óÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÓ XÓÓ  ÓÔ& â Ôò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ° Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àI€would€first€advise€Bob€and€the€other€members€of€the€board€sued€by€Charles€that€I€have€aÐ |Ì Ðpotential€conflict€of€interest€issue€(MD€Professional€Responsibility€Rule€1.7).€€I€cannot€representÐ b² Ðmore€than€one€client€at€a€time€unless€I€can€demonstrate€that€my€representation€would€notÐ H˜ Ðmaterially€limit€my€representation€of€others.€€Here€it€is€possible€that€there€may€be€adverseÐ . ~ Ðinterest.€€I€would€explain€this€to€all€of€them.€€If€they€wished€to€proceed,€and€I€thought€I€couldÐ  d Ðrepresent€them€then€they€must€consent.€€I€also€canððt€represent€the€LLC€and€the€members.€€If€IÐ ú J Ðwere€to€represent€the€LLC,€which€doesnððt€appear€to€be€the€case€from€the€facts,€I€could€notÐ à 0 Ðrepresent€the€individual€members.Ð Æ   ÐÔ'â °jÔÌà  àHere,€Charles€was€voted€out€and€Bob€was€voted€in.€€To€handle€the€liquidity€problem,€BobÐ ’â  Ðpresented€a€proposal€to€the€Board.€€This€included€Bob€personally€guaranteeing€the€$7€MillionÐ xÈ  Ðloan€for€Keg€provided€Kegððs€membership€interests€were€reclassified€into€a€single€class€ofÐ ^®  Ðmember€interests€without€any€preferences.€€Under€the€proposal,€if€Kegððs€value€doesnððt€exceedÐ D”  Ð$15€Million,€Bob€would€own€virtually€all€of€Keg.€€The€proposal€was€disclosed€to€the€Board.€€TheÐ *z  ÐBoard€carefully€reviewed€the€analyses€and€reports€and€voted€unanimously€to€recommend€theÐ ` Ðapproval€(absent€Bob)€and€the€members€ratified€the€approval.Ð öF ÐÌà  àThe€facts€indicate€that€the€remaining€member€interests€had€no€real€value€unless€KegððsÐ Â Ðvalue€exceeded€$15€Million.€€Therefore,€the€interests€wouldnððt€really€be€worth€anything€unlessÐ ¨ø Ðover€$15M.€€The€independent€appraiser€reported€a€value€of€$15.1€Million€so€the€members€didÐ ŽÞ Ðreceive€a€fractional€amount.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAs€provided€by€the€Operating€Agreement,€all€directors€owe€the€duties€of€care€as€providedÐ @ Ðby€Maryland€Corporate€Law.€€Maryland€law€provides€that€a€director€must€act€in€good€faith€in€theÐ &v Ðbest€interests€of€the€corporation€and€with€the€care€of€an€ordinary€prudent€person€under€similarÐ  \ Ðcircumstances.€€These€set€forth€the€fiduciary€duties€of€care€and€loyalty.€€There€is€a€presumptionÐ òB Ðthat€directors€act€in€the€best€interest€of€the€Corporation,€this€is€called€the€Business€JudgmentÐ Ø( ÐRule.€This€presumption€can€be€rebutted€if€it€can€be€demonstrated€that€the€directorððs€actedÐ ¾ Ðotherwise.€€Here,€Charles€is€the€only€one€who€disagrees,€and€he€merely€abstained€from€theÐ ¤ô Ðvoting.€€In€order€to€even€bring€an€action€on€behalf€of€the€LLC€(similar€to€a€shareholder€derivativeÐ Š Ú Ðsuit)€he€would€have€to€have€voted€against€the€proposal€in€writing.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àFurther€the€board€unanimously€voted€in€favor€of€the€proposal€after€full€disclosure.€€ThereÐ <#Œ" Ðis€no€issue€of€interested€director€transaction€due€to€a€usurpation€of€a€corporate€opportunity.Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àThe€court€is€likely€to€find€for€Bob€and€the€other€members€of€the€Board€under€theÐ î%>!% ÐBusiness€Judgment€Rule.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€the€directors€violated€any€fiduciary€dutiesÐ Ô&$"& Ðacted€against€the€LLCððs€best€interest.€€Charles€€is€not€likely€to€win€on€his€breach€of€contract€andÐ º' #' Ðbreach€of€standard€of€care€actions.Ð  (ð#( Ðâ âÐ †)Ö$) ÐÓ  ÓÔ& ü Ôâ âò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ XÓConflict€of€Interest€issues€are€implicated€by€this€question.€€The€Rules€of€ProfessionalÐ |Ì ÐConduct€prohibit€the€representation€of€clients€whose€interest€may€be€adverse€to€each€other€orÐ b² Ðwhose€representation€may€be€limited€or€restricted€by€the€conflict€unless€consent€in€written€formÐ H˜ Ðis€received€from€each€person€to€be€represented€with€full€disclosure€and€the€representation€willÐ . ~ Ðnot€be€limited€or€restricted€in€any€way.€€Here,€there€appears€to€be€a€conflict€that€cannot€beÐ  d Ðovercome€by€disclosure€or€written€consent.€€I€would€encourage€each€party€that€I€am€notÐ ú J Ðrepresenting€to€seek€independent€counsel.Ð à 0 ÐÓ XÓÔ'ü°yÔÌà  àBusiness€judgment€rule€is€a€rule€that€presumes€that€the€board€of€directors€of€a€companyÐ ¬ ü  Ðare€acting€in€the€best€interest€of€the€company.€€Even€if€it€turns€out€to€be€a€bad€decision€it€is€stillÐ ’â  Ðseen€as€in€the€best€interest€of€the€company€because€being€in€business€involves€risk.€€Here€CharlesÐ xÈ  Ðappears€to€be€serving€the€board€based€on€breach€of€standard€of€care€by€the€board.€€The€businessÐ ^®  Ðjudgment€rule€will€likely€be€followed€by€the€court€unless€Charles€can€show€egregious€conduct€byÐ D”  Ðthe€Board.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àThe€Board€of€directors€acting€as€a€group€have€a€fiduciary€duty€to€the€company€to€act€in€itsÐ öF Ðbest€interests,€show€loyalty€and€care.€€Here€it€appears€that€the€Board€was€acting€under€itsÐ Ü, Ðfiduciary€duties€by€restructuring€the€Board€and€the€interests€of€the€company€to€solve€liquidityÐ Â Ðproblems.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àLimited€liability€companies€enjoy€a€free€flowing€management€system€unlikeÐ tÄ Ðcorporations.€€While€the€board€initially€chose€to€run€the€company€in€some€ways€like€aÐ Zª Ðcorporation€it€is€bound€to€those€provisions€only€until€they€are€changed€by€the€members.€€Here,€itÐ @ Ðappears€that€Charlesðð€interest€was€revised€through€the€enumerated€provisions€of€the€articles€ofÐ &v Ðorganization.€€The€changes€to€the€reclassification€was€done€through€the€disinterested€boardÐ  \ Ðmembers€voting,€Bob€refrained.€€It€does€not€appear€that€Charles€has€any€claim€against€the€actionsÐ òB Ðof€the€Board.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àBob€cannot€be€sued€individually€by€Charles€solely€because€he€is€a€board€member€of€theÐ ¤ô ÐLLC.€Bob€will€not€be€personally€liable€for€the€actions€of€the€Board.€€Bob,€by€signing€orÐ Š Ú Ðpersonally€guaranteeing€the€debt€of€the€LLC€can€be€personally€pursued€by€the€Bank€for€paymentÐ p!À  Ðupon€default€on€the€loan€by€Keg.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àThe€likelihood€of€Charlesðð€claims€against€Bob€are€very€unlikely.€€Charlesðð€claims€againstÐ "$r# Ðthe€Board€are€unlikely€as€well€so€long€as€the€Board€acted€in€the€best€interest€of€the€company.Ð  %X $ Ðò òà@``%ìàQUESTION€11ó óòòˆÐ ° ÐóóÌÓ XÓBruceððs€Barbeque€Pit,€LLC€(ð ðRestaurantðð),€is€a€thriving€restaurant€in€MontgomeryÐ |Ì ÐCounty,€Maryland.€€Bruce€was€the€sole€member€and€manager€of€the€Restaurant.€Terry,€a€longÐ b² Ðtime€employee€of€the€Restaurant,€was€authorized€to€supervise,€hire€and€fire€kitchen€staff.€€TerryÐ H˜ Ðhired€his€nephew,€Danny,€as€a€cook.€€Danny€was€a€convicted€drug€dealer€sentenced€to€probation.€Ð . ~ ÐDanny€enjoyed€his€work€in€the€kitchen.€€He€frequently€tinkered€with€the€recipes€by€using€his€ownÐ  d Ðspices,€including€small€amounts€of€ground€marijuana€leaves€to€add€flavor€to€the€entrees.Ð ú J Ѐ€Ð à 0 ÐOne€busy€Saturday€night,€Bruce€saw€Danny€tending€bar.€Bruce€was€distracted€before€heÐ Æ   Ðcould€tell€Danny€to€return€to€the€kitchen€because€Danny€was€not€trained€to€tend€bar.€€DannyÐ ¬ ü  Ðserved€Johnny€a€beer€even€though€he€knew€Johnny€was€merely€19€years€old.€€Before€he€cameÐ ’â  Ðinto€the€Restaurant,€Johnny€already€had€consumed€several€beers.Ð xÈ  ÐÐ ^®  ЀSeveral€minutes€later,€Johnny€started€a€fight,€and€he€hit€a€bystander€(ð ðHaroldðð)€on€theÐ D”  Ðhead€with€a€chair.€€At€the€same€time,€a€sink€overflowed€in€the€restroom.€€Bruce€sent€Danny€toÐ *z  Ðclean€up€the€mess.€€Bruce€told€Danny€to€keep€the€restroom€closed€until€the€floor€was€dry.€Ð ` ÐInstead,€Danny€removed€the€closed€sign€and€allowed€Vicky€to€enter.€€Vicky€slipped€on€the€water,Ð öF Ðfell€on€the€floor,€and€consequently,€broke€her€knee.Ð Ü, Ѐ̀The€hospital€determines€that€Vicky€was€under€the€influence€of€marijuana€when€sheÐ ¨ø Ðslipped€and€fell.€The€marijuana€is€traced€to€the€chili€prepared€by€Danny.Ð ŽÞ ЀÌò òVicky€and€Harold€each€sue€the€Restaurant,€Terry,€Bruce€and€Danny€for€recovery€ofÐ Zª Ðdamages.€€Discuss€fully€the€defenses€and€cross€claims€that€each€of€the€defendants€may€raiseÐ @ Ðand€analyze€the€likelihood€of€success€of€his€or€its€defenses.Ð &v ÐÓ XÓó óÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óÐ òB ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àAs€an€LLC,€the€Restaurant€itself€has€liability€if€it€can€be€proven€that€through€Bruce€as€theÐ ¾ Ðmanager€and€Terry€as€the€supervisor,€negligently€hired€Danny.€€It€appears€under€agency€theory,Ð ¤ô Ðthat€Terry€had€apparent€and€actual€Authority€to€hire€Danny.€€The€fact€that€Terry€was€related€toÐ Š Ú ÐDanny€means€Terry€probably€knew€of€Dannyððs€drug€conviction€and€was€probably€negligent€inÐ p!À  Ðhiring€him.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àThe€restaurant€and€Bruce€are€liable€for€both€Terryððs€actions€as€well€as€Dannyððs€actions.€Ð "$r# ÐBoth€Bruce€and€Terry€may€be€negligent€for€negligent€supervision€of€Danny€ð!ð€their€employee.€€ItÐ %X $ Ðwas€negligent€to€allow€Danny€to€put€marijuana€in€the€food.€€It€was€negligent€to€allow€Danny€toÐ î%>!% Ðserve€drinks€without€training.€€It€is€negligent€for€Danny€to€serve€alcohol€to€an€underage€person.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐBruce€and€the€LLC€are€vicariously€liable€for€Dannyððs€action€at€the€bar.Ð º' #' ÐÌà  àGenerally,€an€employer€is€not€responsible€for€acts€committed€by€their€employees€outsideÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€scope€of€their€employment.€€However,€Dannyððs€negligence€of€serving€Johnny€beer€when€heÐ l*¼%* Ðwas€underage€was€conducted€with€apparent€authority,€and€was€a€breach€of€a€duty€of€care€toÐ R+¢&+ ÐHarold.€€The€causation€of€the€chair€hitting€Harold€along€with€the€proximate€and€legal€cause€ofÐ 8,ˆ', ÐJohnnyððs€action€did€cause€Harold€damages,€and€the€damages€are€recoverable€against€theÐ ° ÐRestaurant.Ð –æ ÐÌà  àVickyððs€injuries€were€caused€by€Dannyððs€negligence,€Danny€breached€his€duty€of€care€forÐ b² ÐVicky,€an€invitee€in€a€public€business,€the€causation€and€legal€cause€of€her€injuries€were€DannyððsÐ H˜ Ðnegligence€from€opening€the€bathroom€as€well€as€putting€marijuana€in€her€food.€€VickyððsÐ . ~ Ðdamages€are€real€and€recoverable€against€the€LLC,€and€possibly€Terry€for€negligent€hiring.Ð  d ÐÌà  àThe€LLC€can€cross€claim€against€Terry€for€negligent€hiring€of€Danny€with€a€known€drugÐ à 0 Ðbackground.€€The€LLC€will€cross€claim€against€Danny€to€get€contribution€of€money€to€recoverÐ Æ   Ðthe€damages€they€will€have€to€pay.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àVicky€and€Harold€will€recover€damages€from€LLC.Ð xÈ  ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð D”  Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àDefenses€of€the€Restaurant€and€Bruce,€as€member,€include€limiting€liability€to€the€assetsÐ ` Ðof€the€LLC€to€avoid€personal€liability€on€the€part€of€Bruce.€€There€are€no€evident€reasons€forÐ öF Ðpiercing€the€LLCððs€veil.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àDefenses€of€Bruce,€Terry€and€Danny€against€Vicky:€Vicky€should€have€seen€the€wet€floorÐ ¨ø Ðand€assumed€the€risk€of€entering€and€slipping.€€This€defense€is€likely€to€fail€as€Vickyððs€ability€toÐ ŽÞ Ðintelligently€assume€the€risk€was€hampered€by€marijuana€given€to€her€by€the€Restaurant.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€find€negligence,€it€must€be€shown€that€there€was€a€duty€owed,€a€breach€of€thatÐ @ Ðduty,€that€the€breach€was€the€legal€and€proximate€cause€of€injury€and€that€damages€occurred.€Ð &v ÐThe€Restaurant,€Terry,€Bruce€and€Danny€will€argue€that€each€of€these€elements€are€lacking€inÐ  \ ÐVickyððs€case,€but€they€will€likely€fail.€€The€Restaurant€and€Terry,€Bruce€and€Danny€asÐ òB Ðemployees/agents€owed€a€duty€to€provide€a€safe€environment€for€Vicky,€breached€that€duty€andÐ Ø( Ðcaused€injury€and€damages.Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àVicky€may€also€have€a€claim€against€Danny€(and€Terry,€Bruce€and€Restaurant€throughÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔrespondeatÔ_Ô€superior)€for€intentionally€causing€an€illegal€substance,€marijuana,€to€enter€her€body.€Ð p!À  ÐTerry,€Bruce€and€The€Restaurant€will€argue€that€Danny€acted€outside€the€scope€of€hisÐ V"¦! Ðemployment€in€putting€marijuana€in€food.€€This€defense€will€likely€fail€as€Danny€was€acting€toÐ <#Œ" Ðserve€his€employerððs€interest€by€adding€ð ðflavorðð€to€the€entrees.Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àHarold€may€sue€for€negligence€in€light€of€Dannyððs€giving€Johnny€a€beer€despite€his€ageÐ î%>!% Ðand€intoxication.€€Danny,€Bruce,€Terry€and€The€Restaurant€will€counter€that€Johnnyððs€actionsÐ Ô&$"& Ðwere€independent,€unforeseeable€and€beyond€the€control€of€anyone€in€the€Restaurant.€€They€mayÐ º' #' Ðalso€claim€that€Harold€provoked€Johnny€in€some€way,€making€Harold€Ô_ÔcontributorilyÔ_Ô€negligent.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àThe€Restaurant€and€Bruce€have€cross€claims€against€Terry€for€negligent€hiring€andÐ l*¼%* Ðsupervision,€Danny€for€negligence€in€three€separate€situations€ð!ð€cooking,€tending€bar€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðbathroom€cleanup,€and€Johnny€for€destruction€of€the€chair€and€his€battery€of€Harold.Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àTerry€will€claim€that€he€acted€within€the€scope€of€his€employment,€and€that€he€did€notÐ ° Ðnegligently€hire€or€supervise€Danny.€€Determining€the€likelihood€of€this€defense€depends€onÐ –æ ÐTerryððs€knowledge€of€Dannyððs€behavior€and€his€vigilance€in€supervising€Danny.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àDanny€has€very€little€defense€against€cross€claims€other€than€claiming€he€owed€no€duty€orÐ H˜ Ðthat€he€acted€with€the€knowledge€of€Terry€or€Bruce.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àJohnnyððs€defense€may€be€that€Danny€negligently€served€him€beer,€but€this€will€notÐ ú J Ðsucceed.Ð  à 0 Ðà@``%ìàò òQUESTION€12ˆÐ ° ÐÌó óÔ‡"Xw÷XXXw÷Ôà  àAll€of€the€following€events€occurred€in€the€State€of€Maryland.€€John€obtained€a€judgmentÐ |Ì Ðagainst€Mary€in€the€amount€of€$25,000.00.€€Shortly€after€the€judgment€was€entered,€Mary€filed€aÐ b² Ðvoluntary€petition€for€bankruptcy.€On€November€10,€2002,€John€received€a€notice€as€creditorÐ H˜ Ðadvising€that€the€deadline€to€file€a€complaint€to€determine€Ô_ÔdischargeabilityÔ_Ô€of€certain€debts€wasÐ . ~ ÐJanuary€2,€2003.Ð  d ÐÌà  àOn€November€16,€2002,€John€read€an€advertisement€in€a€local€newspaper€that€read€asÐ à 0 Ðfollows:Ð Æ   ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓ XÓÓB+4 Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°°ŒX(#BÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÓB(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ÜŠX¤XBÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ©ÝÝ  Ýð ðTired€of€chasing€after€deadbeat€debtors?€€Call€me,€the€Creditorððs€Lawyer.€€If€I€donððtÐ ’â  Ðcollect€on€your€judgments,€no€one€can.ðð݃ ÿÿ©Ê©ÝŒÐ xÈ  ÐŒÑ  ÑÓ XÓÓ$ °°ŒX(#44ŠXü!$ÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ?(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°°ŒX(#?ÓÌÓ XÓÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!44ŠXü!BÓà  àOn€that€same€date€John€retained€Creditor€Lawyer€to€pursue€the€collection€of€hisÐ D”  Ðjudgment.€€John€signed€an€agreement€whereby€he€agreed€to€pay€a€fee€of€$8,000€and€an€additionalÐ *z  Ð50%€of€any€monies€collected.€€John€also€gave€Lawyer€a€copy€of€the€notice€to€creditors.Ð ` ÐÌÝ‚*ÿÿÿÝÔ€"Xw÷XX"Xw÷ÔÔ€X¾; XX"Xw÷ÔÔ€"Xw÷X XX¾;Ôò òÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!BÓÝ  ÝÝ‚*ÿÿÿë¬ÝÝ  Ýó óà  àJohn€called€Lawyer€several€times€in€November€and€December€and€was€assured€that€heÐ Ü, Ðwas€handling.€€Nonetheless,€Lawyer€failed€to€file€a€complaint€by€the€January€2,€2003€deadline.€Ð  ÐOn€January€15,€2003,€John€learned€that€Lawyer€had€done€nothing€to€collect€the€monies€owed.€HeÐ ¨ø Ðwrote€to€Lawyer€and€demanded€that€Lawyer€return€his€fee€and€immediately€forward€his€files€toÐ ŽÞ ÐJohn.€€John€also€told€Lawyer€he€would€no€longer€need€Lawyerððs€services.€€Lawyer€did€notÐ tÄ Ðrespond€to€Johnððs€letter.€Instead,€he€contacted€Mary's€attorney€to€see€if€she€was€willing€to€payÐ Zª Ðany€of€the€moneys€owed.€Mary€offered€to€pay€$5,000€and€Lawyer€told€her€the€offer€wasÐ @ Ðacceptable.€Lawyer€then€called€John€with€the€news€that€the€matter€had€been€settled.€John€hung€upÐ &v Ðon€Lawyer€and€contacted€you,€Counsel€for€the€Attorney€Grievance€Commission.݃*묨­ÝŒÐ  \ ÐŒÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!ÜÜ‹Xü!$ÓÔ€"Xw÷XX"Xw÷ÔÔ€"Xw÷XX"Xw÷ÔÝ  ÝÌò òà  àWhat€charges€would€you€bring€against€Lawyer,€and€why?Ð Ø( ÐÔ#†Xw÷XX"Xw÷<¦#Ôó óÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€Ô_ÔÔ_Ô€1ó óÐ ¤ô ÐÓ  ÓÌA€lawyer€cannot€claim€a€specialty.€€Here€Lawyer€in€his€advertisement€called€himself€theÐ p!À  Ðð ðCreditorððs€Lawyerðð.€€A€lawyer€cannot€make€false€promises€or€hold€themselves€out€to€be€betterÐ V"¦! Ðthan€other€lawyers.€€Here,€Lawyer€said€ð ðif€I€donððt€collect€on€your€debts€no€one€can.ðð€€LawyerÐ <#Œ" Ðmade€a€promise€and€expressed€it€in€a€way€that€other€lawyers€cannot€do€the€job€better€than€he€can,Ð "$r# Ðin€violation€of€the€Rules€of€Professional€Responsibility.€€Advertisement€is€allowed,€but€it€cannotÐ %X $ Ðgive€false€hopes€or€promises.Ð î%>!% ÐÌFees€should€be€reasonable.€Here,€John€signed€an€agreement€whereby€he€agreed€to€pay€a€fee€ofÐ º' #' Ð$8,000€and€an€additional€50%€of€any€monies€collected.€€When€looking€at€the€reasonableness€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðfees,€one€looks€at€the€type€of€case€involved,€the€difficulty,€and€the€rates€usually€charged.€€HereÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€case€involves€collection€of€a€judgment.€€Mary€owes€John€$25,000€and€has€filed€forÐ l*¼%* Ðbankruptcy.€€So,€John€will€have€to€stand€in€line€with€other€creditors,€so€the€case€should€not€be€tooÐ R+¢&+ Ðdifficult,€and€the€fee€seems€excessive.Ð 8,ˆ', ЇA€lawyer€has€a€duty€to€keep€his€client€informed.€€Here€John€called€Lawyer€several€times€inÐ ° ÐNovember€and€December€and€was€assured€that€he€was€handling€the€case.€€Lawyer€is€not€keepingÐ –æ Ðthe€client€informed€by€lying€to€him.€€He€lied€because€he€failed€to€file€a€complaint€by€the€JanuaryÐ |Ì Ðdeadline.€€Ð b² ÐÌA€lawyer€also€has€to€be€competent.€€By€missing€the€deadline,€Lawyer€showed€he€was€notÐ . ~ Ðcompetent.Ð  d ÐÌOnce€he€is€terminated€a€lawyer€still€has€the€duty€to€protect€the€clientððs€interests€until€anotherÐ à 0 Ðattorney€is€hired,€and€must€return€the€clientððs€property.€€Lawyer€was€fired€and€should€haveÐ Æ   Ðreturned€Johnððs€fee€minus€any€money€earned,€and€should€have€forwarded€his€files,€minus€anyÐ ¬ ü  Ðwork€product.Ð ’â  ÐÌThe€client€is€the€one€who€determines€the€objectives€of€the€case€and€any€settlement.€€Here€LawyerÐ ^®  Ðcontacted€Maryððs€attorney€after€being€fired€to€see€if€she€was€willing€to€pay€any€moneys€owed.€Ð D”  ÐThis€violated€what€John€wanted€„€all€of€his€money.€€Lawyer€cannot€settle€without€the€clientððsÐ *z  Ðpermission.€€Here€Lawyer€accepted€$5,000€without€talking€to€his€client.Ð ` ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð Ü, ÐÓ  ÓÌó óI€would€bring€the€following€charges€against€the€Lawyer:Ð ¨ø ÐÌÓ€ ;+#/012345(ÿÿ03-ÓÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿ}¾ÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òAdvertisementó ó€ð!ð€Even€though€Maryland€does€not€regulate€the€tastelessness€of€ads,€adsÐ tÄ Ðmust€not€create€unjustified€expectation.€€ð ðIf€I€donððt€collect€on€your€debts,€no€one€canðð€isÐ Zª Ðnot€allowed€because€it€creates€an€unjustified€expectation.݃+ÿÿ}¾^¿ÝŒÐ @ ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿVÁÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú2Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òFeeó ó€ð!ð€A€lawyer€cannot€charge€excessive€fees,€only€reasonable€ones€based€on€time,€skill,Ð &v Ðcomplexity€of€case,€and€customary€fee€in€the€area.€€Here,€the€fee€seems€unreasonableÐ  \ Ðbecause€Lawyer€is€charging€a€50%€contingency€fee€on€top€of€an€$8,000€flat€fee.€€It€seemsÐ òB Ða€little€high€for€collection„type€lawsuits.݃+ÿÿVÁ7Â݌РØ( ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿ€ÄÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òCompetencyó 󀄀Lawyers€must€possess€reasonable€competency€and€due€diligence.€€ForÐ ¾ Ðexample,€Lawyer€could€be€sued€for€malpractice€for€failure€to€file€a€complaint€by€theÐ ¤ô Ðdeadline.€€Ýƒ+ÿÿ€ÄaÅÝŒÐ Š Ú ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿÇÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òMust€notify€client€of€the€progress€of€the€caseó ó€ð!ð€Lawyer€must€reasonably€and€seasonallyÐ p!À  Ðnotify€client€of€the€progress€of€the€case€and€keep€clients€informed€of€all€proceedings.€Ð V"¦! ÐLawyer€did€not€contact€client€in€November€and€December€thereby€violating€this€rule.݃+ÿÿÇóÇ݌Р<#Œ" ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿúÉÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òMust€represent€client€zealouslyó ó€ð!ð€Lawyer€did€not€represent€client€zealously€because€heÐ "$r# Ðdid€nothing€to€collect€the€monies€owed.€€Also€he€did€not€zealously€represent€client€byÐ %X $ Ðnegotiating€a€€more€desirable€settlement€amount.݃+ÿÿúÉÛÊ݌Рî%>!% ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿ½ÌÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òFiredó ó„€Here€Lawyer€is€fired€for€failure€to€perform€any€services.€€Since€he€has€not€doneÐ Ô&$"& Ðanything,€he€is€not€entitled€to€any€fee€and€must€return€it€and€the€clientððs€file€€in€a€promptÐ º' #' Ðmanner.€€Lawyer€did€not€do€this,€in€violation€of€this€rule.݃+ÿÿ½ÌžÍ݌Р (ð#( ÐŒÓ XÓÓ$ ÜÜ‹Xü!44ŠXü!$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE.4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‹Xü!EÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓE(4 4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!4ŠXü!EÓÝ‚+ÿÿ“ÏÝÔ2ÿÿÔÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà  àÝ  Ýò òSettlementó ó€ð!ð€Client€has€the€ultimate€right€to€make€the€decision€to€settle€and€determineÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€settlement€amount.€€€Lawyer€should€have€contacted€client€first€and€have€client€decideÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€matter€instead€of€calling€him€and€telling€him€that€the€matter€had€been€settled.