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°œX°°ŒX(#!ÓÝ  ÝQUESTIONS€AND€REPRESENTATIVE€GOOD€ANSWERSÐ –æ ÐÌQUESTION€1Ð b² ÐÓ  ÓÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ¥ÝÝ  Ýó óAce€was€driving€his€car€on€Route€5€in€Prince€Georgeððs€County€near€a€high€crime€area€andÐ . ~ Ðan€ð ðopen€air€drug€marketðð.€Bob€was€a€passenger€in€the€front€seat€of€Aceððs€vehicle.€Ace€ran€a€stopÐ  d Ðsign,€in€full€view€of€Charles,€a€K„9€police€officer€for€Prince€Georgeððs€County,€who€wasÐ ú J Ðmaintaining€surveillance€of€the€area.€Charles€put€on€his€emergency€equipment€and€effected€theÐ à 0 Ðtraffic€stop€of€Ace.݃ ÿÿ¥ÚÝŒÐ Æ   ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  Ýò òó óÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ9ÝÝ  ÝWhile€Charles€was€issuing€his€traffic€citation€to€Ace,€Charles€ordered€his€trained,Ð ’â  Ðunleashed,€and€certified€cocaine€sniffing€K„9€drug€dog€to€do€a€perimeter€search€of€Aceððs€vehicle.Ð xÈ  ÐThe€dog€indicated€a€positive€reaction€to€the€presence€of€drugs.€Charles€ordered€Ace€and€Bob€toÐ ^®  Ðget€out€of€the€vehicle.€Charles€searched€the€car€and€found€a€duffel€bag€on€the€floor€behind€theÐ D”  Ðdriverððs€seat€with€Aceððs€nametag€on€it.€Charles€opened€the€duffel€bag€and€found€it€contained€aÐ *z  Ðlarge€amount€of€cocaine.݃ ÿÿ9n݌Р` ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ:ÝÝ  ÝCharles€turned€his€attention€to€Bob.€Charles€removed€a€fanny€pack€from€Bobððs€waist€andÐ Ü, Ðfound€that€it€also€contained€cocaine.݃ ÿÿ:oÝŒÐ Â ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÌÓ XÓÓ  ÓCharles€arrested€Ace€and€Bob€and€indictments€for€narcotics€violations€are€pendingÐ ŽÞ Ðagainst€Ace€and€Bob€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Prince€Georgeððs€County,€Maryland.Ð tÄ ÐÓ XÓÌÓ XÓò òa.à ` àState€the€arguments€the€Stateððs€Attorney€would€make€to€establish€the€Ð @ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€admissibility€against€Ace€of€the€cocaine€found€in€the€duffel€bag.Ð &v ÐÐ  \ Ðb.à ` àState€the€arguments€Bobððs€counsel€would€make€to€suppress€the€cocaine€Ð òB Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€recovered€from€the€ð ðfanny€packðð.Ð Ø( ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÑ  ÑÓE1°°Z` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXEÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÓK.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°Z‹X(#KÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ ÝÝ  Ýó ó݃ ÿÿ à ݌̌Ñ  ÑÓ! °œX°°ŒX(#!ÓÝ  Ýò òÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔòŒòÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿW ÝÝ  ÝóŒóREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1݃ÿÿW ¹ ÝÔ Ý • ԌР¤ô ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÔ'̤­ ÔÌÓ  Óà  à(a)à ` àThe€Stateððs€Attorney€will€argue€that€although€there€was€state€action€and€a€searchÐ p!À  Ðand€seizure€that€those€actions€were€reasonable€and€hence€the€cocaine€should€be€admissible.Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€stop€of€the€vehicle€was€appropriate€and€based€on€probable€cause€as€Ace€ran€aÐ "$r# Ðstop€sign,€a€violation€of€traffic€laws.Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àSecond,€a€dog€sniff€does€not€constitute€a€search.€€Therefore,€the€fact€that€the€dog€reactedÐ Ô&$"& Ðpositively€to€the€presence€of€drugs€that€it€smelled€from€outside€the€vehicle€will€not€give€AceÐ º' #' Ðreason€to€suppress€the€evidence.€€The€positive€reaction€then€gave€Charles€probable€cause€toÐ  (ð#( Ðbelieve€drugs€were€present.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àThird,€a€police€officer,€even€in€a€routine€traffic€stop,€is€permitted€to€order€the€occupantsÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€a€vehicle€out€of€the€vehicle.€€Accordingly,€this€was€not€a€seizure.Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àFourth,€the€search€of€the€passenger€compartment€and€the€duffel€bag€were€also€reasonable.€Ð ° ÐBased€upon€probable€cause,€and€the€fact€that€automobiles€are€mobile€and,€therefore,€createÐ –æ Ðexigent€circumstances€and€a€need€to€search€Charles€was€permitted€to€search€any€area€whereÐ |Ì Ðdrugs€could€reasonably€be€contained.€€This€included€the€duffel€bag,€as€it€is€and€was€perfectlyÐ b² Ðreasonable€to€conclude€that€drugs€could€be€contained€therein.€€For€these€reasons,€the€cocaineÐ H˜ Ðfound€in€the€duffel€bag€should€be€admissible.€€They€should€be€admissible€against€Ace€becauseÐ . ~ Ðthe€bag,€from€all€appearances,€belonged€to€him.€€It€was€in€his€vehicle,€in€close€proximity€to€himÐ  d Ð(behind€the€driverððs€seat)€and€bore€a€tag€with€his€name€on€it.Ð ú J ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àBobððs€counsel€would€argue€that€Bob€had€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ Æ   Ðhis€bag.€€The€contents€of€the€bag€were€obscured€and€not€visible€to€the€public€and€it€was€on€hisÐ ¬ ü  Ðperson.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€stop€of€the€vehicle€was€reasonable€and€the€search€of€the€vehicle€wasÐ ^®  Ðreasonable,€the€search€of€Bob€was€not.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àThe€dog€sniff€indicated€drugs€were€in€the€vehicle.€€However,€Charles€had€already€foundÐ ` Ðdrugs€prior€to€his€search€of€Bob;€therefore,€he€no€longer€had€probable€cause€to€search€Bob.€Ð öF ÐFurthermore,€Charles€did€not€place€Bob€under€arrest€and,€therefore,€did€not€have€cause€to€searchÐ Ü, Ðhim€or€his€wingspan.€€Also,€the€facts€do€not€indicate€that€Charles€had€reason€to€believe€eitherÐ Â ÐCharles€or€Ace€were€armed.€Therefore,€Charles€had€no€reason€to€perform€any€type€of€patdown.€Ð ¨ø ÐHere,€Charles€simply€removed€the€pack€and€searched€it€without€probable€cause.€€Therefore,€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcontents€of€the€pack€should€be€suppressed€as€violations€of€the€Fourth€Amendment.Ð tÄ ÐÓ  ÓÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿýÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2݃ÿÿý_ÝÔ Ý ;ԌР@ ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÔ'Ì@SÔÌà  àPart€(a)Ð  \ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àSearches€and€seizures€of€persons€and€property€must€adhere€to€the€4òòthóó€Amendment€foundÐ Ø( Ðin€the€U.S.€Constitution.€€The€4òòthóó€Amendment€is€applicable€to€the€states€through€the€14òòthóóÐ ¾ ÐAmendment.€€The€stop,€search,€and€seizure€of€the€cocaine€of€Ace,€his€passenger,€and€Aceððs€carÐ ¤ô Ðmust€adhere€to€these€requirements€in€order€to€be€admissible€in€court€as€evidence€against€Ace€orÐ Š Ú Ðhis€passenger.€€Generally,€evidence€obtained€in€an€illegal€search€or€as€part€of€an€illegal€arrest€andÐ p!À  Ðany€evidence,€which€is€found€as€a€consequence€of€the€finding€the€original€evidence€will€beÐ V"¦! Ðinadmissible€(the€so„called€ð ðfruit€of€the€poisonous€treeðð€doctrine).€€Generally,€the€4òòthóó€AmendmentÐ <#Œ" Ðholds€that€citizens€have€a€right€to€be€free€from€searches€and€seizures€by€the€state€in€places€whereÐ "$r# Ðthey€have€an€expectation€of€privacy.€€In€order€to€protect€these€rights,€the€Court€has€effectuatedÐ %X $ Ðrules,€which€require€officers€of€the€state€to€have€probable€cause€for€arrest,€search€and€seizure;Ð î%>!% Ðand€in€some€cases,€to€acquire€a€warrant€from€a€judge€to€effectuate€such€searches€that€mightÐ Ô&$"& Ðinvade€oneððs€privacy.Ð º' #' ÐÌà  à1.€€A€police€officer€must€have€probable€cause€to€stop€a€vehicle:Ð †)Ö$) Ðâ âÐ l*¼%* ÐCharles€had€probable€cause€to€stop€Aceððs€car€because€he€ran€a€stop€sign.€€Once€police€haveÐ ° Ðprobable€cause€to€stop€the€car€and€the€dog€detected€the€presence€of€drugs,€Charles€had€probableÐ –æ Ðcause€to€search€the€vehicle.Ð |Ì Ðâ âÌà  à2.€€Dog€search€not€unreasonable€because€did€not€invade€privacy:Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€dog€search€of€Aceððs€car€was€not€unreasonable€given€the€dog€searched€theÐ  d Ðperimeter€of€the€car€only.€€Once€the€dog€detected€the€possible€presence€of€drugs,€Charles€hadÐ ú J Ðprobable€cause€to€search€Aceððs€car.€€The€use€of€such€a€dog€in€a€high€drug€crime€area€would€notÐ à 0 Ðbe€found€to€be€unusual€or€illegal,€especially€since€such€dogs€have€a€very€high€record€forÐ Æ   Ðreliability.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  à3.€€Car€Search:Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àà ` àMoreover,€the€Supreme€Court€has€found€that€police€officers€may€ask€legally„Ð D”  Ðstopped€occupants€of€stopped€cars€to€get€out€of€the€vehicles:€€Officers€can€search€the€passengerÐ *z  Ðcompartment€of€vehicles€including€closed€containers,€such€as€glove€boxes€or€duffel€bags.€€TheÐ ` ÐCourt€carved€out€this€exception€to€the€usual€rule€that€would€require€a€warrant€because€of€theÐ öF Ðmobile€nature€of€automobiles€and€the€potential€for€the€evidence€to€be€moved.€€The€fact€that€theÐ Ü, Ðduffel€bag€had€Aceððs€name€on€it€connects€Ace€to€the€bag.Ð Â ÐÌà  àà ` àAce€was€legally€stopped€and€the€car€legally€searched;€therefore,€the€search€fits€theÐ ŽÞ Ðautomobile€exception€to€the€need€for€officers€to€obtain€a€warrant,€and€therefore€the€duffel€bagÐ tÄ Ðand€its€contents€can€be€used€as€evidence€against€Ace.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àPart€(b)Ð &v ÐÌà  àBobððs€fanny€pack€was€attached€to€Bob,€not€in€the€automobile€compartment,€making€itsÐ òB Ðsearch€fall€outside€the€automobile€exception€to€the€need€for€obtaining€a€warrant.€€Moreover,€theÐ Ø( Ðbag€was€not€searched€until€after€Bob€was€arrested€making€it€unlikely€that€Charles€could€claimÐ ¾ Ðthat€the€search€of€the€fanny€pack€was€a€ð ðsearch€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.ðð€€Moreover,€even€ifÐ ¤ô Ðthe€fanny€pack€is€found€to€be€a€search€incident€to€arrest,€given€the€duffel€bag€in€which€cocaineÐ Š Ú Ðwas€found€had€Aceððs€name€on€it€and€the€car€was€Aceððs€car,€Charles€did€not€have€probable€causeÐ p!À  Ðto€arrest€Bob,€making€Bobððs€arrest€illegal€and€making€any€evidence€found€as€an€incident€to€thatÐ V"¦! Ðarrest€inadmissible€as€evidence€against€Bob.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àà ` àBob€did€have€an€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€fanny€pack€attached€to€his€personÐ %X $ Ðand€Charles€did€not€have€a€warrant€or€any€exception€to€the€need€for€warrant,€making€the€searchÐ î%>!% Ðand€seizure€of€that€fanny€pack€illegal€unconstitutional€and€inadmissible€as€evidence.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌÌÌò òó óÐ  l*¼%* ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿÂ.ÝÝ  ÝQUESTION€2݃ÿÿÂ.$/ÝÔ Ý /ԌР° ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ'̰/ÔÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿç/ÝÝ  ÝJane€sought€treatment€from€her€dentist,€Dr.€Brush,€in€Annapolis,€Anne€Arundel€County,Ð |Ì ÐMaryland,€to€correct€a€loose€bottom€denture.€Dr.€Brushððs€solution€for€Janeððs€problem€was€toÐ b² Ðsurgically€place€two€dental€implants€in€the€lower€portion€of€her€jaw€and€then€adjust€theÐ H˜ Ðplacement€of€the€lower€denture€fixture.€Dr.€Brush€placed€the€implants€at€an€angle€which€resultedÐ . ~ Ðin€a€painful€fit€in€the€adjustment€of€her€lower€denture€fixture.€Jane€next€went€to€a€dental€surgeon,Ð  d ÐDr.€Floss.€She€told€Dr.€Floss€about€the€implants€placed€by€Dr.€Brush,€the€pain€in€the€lowerÐ ú J Ðdenture€adjustment,€and€occasional€difficulties€in€eating€and€speaking€normally€Dr.€FlossÐ à 0 Ðexamined€Janeððs€dental€implants€and€the€denture€placement.€At€the€end€of€the€examination,€JaneÐ Æ   Ðasked€Dr.€Floss€if€he€would€support€her€in€a€negligence€claim€arising€from€the€improperÐ ¬ ü  Ðplacement€of€the€dental€implants.€Dr.€Floss€stated€that€the€placement€of€the€implants€was€notÐ ’â  Ðunusual€and€that€her€pain€would€end€and€her€occasional€difficulties€in€eating€and€speaking€wouldÐ xÈ  Ðbe€corrected€with€the€proper€adjustment€of€the€lower€denture€fixture.€Dr.€Floss€further€advisedÐ ^®  ÐJane€that€he€could€not€support€her€in€a€negligence€claim€but€would€accept€her€as€a€patient€if€sheÐ D”  Ðwanted€further€consultation€and€treatment.݃ ÿÿç/0݌Р*z  ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÌÓ XÓÓ  ÓAssume€that€all€appropriate€procedures€prior€to€filing€suit€have€been€followed€and€thatÐ öF ÐJane€thereafter€timely€filed€a€suit€for€dental€malpractice€against€Dr.€Brush€in€the€Circuit€Court€forÐ Ü, ÐAnne€Arundel€County;€Maryland,€requesting€a€jury€trial.Ð Â ÐÓ XÓÓ  ÓÌÓ XÓÓ  ÓJane€did€not€designate€Dr.€Floss€as€an€expert€witness€in€any€of€her€discovery€responses€inÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Circuit€Court€malpractice€case.€However,€defense€counsel€Ô€XÞ×XXXw§Ôin€Ô€Xw§XXXÞ×Ôhis€discovery€responses€in€theÐ tÄ Ðcase€has€designated€Dr.€Floss€as€€expert€witness€who€is€expected€to€testify€for€the€defense€aboutÐ [« Ðhis€medical€evaluation€of€Jane€and€Janeððs€statements€to€him.€Assume€that€Janeððs€counsel€files€aÐ A‘ Ðmotion€Ô€XÞ×XXXw§Ôin€Ô€Xw§XXXÞ×Ôlimine€to€prevent€Dr.€Floss€from€being€an€expert€for€the€defense.Ð 'w ÐÓ XÓÓ  ÓÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓò òÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿÏ:ÝÝ  Ýa.€à ` àBased€on€these€given€facts,€will€the€trial€judge€allow€Dr.€Floss€to€testify€as€an€Ýƒ ÿÿÏ:;݌РôD ÐŒó óÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓò òÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÑ;ÝÝ  Ý€€à ` àexpert€for€the€defense€at€trial€and€to€relate€the€information€received€from€Ýƒ ÿÿÑ;ý;݌РÚ* ÐŒó óÓ XÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓò òÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓB.` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿÀ<ÝÝ  ÝJane?€State€your€reasons€in€detail.݃ ÿÿÀ<<=݌РÀ ÐŒó óÓ XÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#‹X(#HÓÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ+>ÝÝ  ÝADDITIONAL€FACTS݃ÿÿ+>>ÝÔ Ý i>ԌРŒ Ü ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÔ'ÌŒ >ÔÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿJ?ÝÝ  ÝAssume€that€several€months€prior€to€the€designation€by€the€defense€of€Dr.€Floss€as€aÐ X"¨! Ðexpert€for€the€defense,€Janeððs€attorney€made€a€telephone€call€to€Dr.€Floss€and€discussed€JaneððsÐ >#Ž" Ðcase€and€several€of€her€legal€theories€of€the€case.€In€the€course€of€the€conversation,€Dr.€FlossÐ $$t# Ðstated€that€he€would€have€to€research€the€specific€points€raised€by€Janeððs€attorney.€Dr.€FlossÐ  %Z $ Ðsubsequently€sent€Janeððs€attorney€a€bill€for€the€telephone€discussion€and€for€his€research€on€theÐ ð%@!% Ðpoints€they€discussed.݃ ÿÿJ??݌РÖ&&"& ÐŒÓ  ÓÓ XÓÝ  ÝÌà  àÓE.` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°ŒX(#EÓò òb.€€Based€on€these€additional€facts,€would€the€ruling€of€the€trial€judge€regarding€theÐ ¢(ò#( Ðtestimony€of€Dr.€Floss€as€an€expert€at€trial€for€the€defense€change?€State€your€reasons€inÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðdetail.ó óÐ n*¾%* Ðâ âÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#‹X(#HÓÐ T+¤&+ ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& ² Ôâ âÝ‚ÿÿÿDÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€1݃ÿÿDoDÝÔ erADԌР° ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÌÓ  Óà  à(a)à ` àThe€trial€judge€will€probably€allow€Dr.€Floss€to€testify€as€an€expert€for€theÔ'²°YDÔÐ |Ì Ðdefense.€€In€Maryland,€the€judge€has€discretion€whether€to€allow€expert€testimony€in€a€case.€Ð b² ÐGenerally,€four€factors€are€looked€at€to€decide€if€such€testimony€is€appropriate.€€(1)€It€must€beÐ H˜ Ðhelpful€to€the€trier€of€fact€(relevant€and€reliable).€€Here€the€info€Dr.€Floss€has€would€be€helpfulÐ . ~ Ðbecause€he€could€provide€information€about€Janeððs€condition,€which€is€at€issue€here.€€(2)€€Dr.Ð  d ÐFloss€must€qualify€as€an€expert.€€In€Maryland,€he€must€be€licensed€to€have€the€ability€to€beÐ ú J Ðlicensed€in€this€state.€€Dr.€Floss€probably€is€licensed€if€he€is€practicing.€€(3)€€The€expert€must€beÐ à 0 Ðreasonably€sure€that€his€conclusions€are€correct€and€dependable.€€Therefore,€Dr.€Floss€must€stateÐ Æ   Ðthis€in€his€testimony/deposition.€€(4)€The€expertððs€testimony€must€be€based€on€reliable€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðrelevant€facts.€€Here,€Dr.€Flossðð€testimony€is€based€on€his€actual€examination€of€Jane.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àMost€of€the€statements€by€Jane€will€also€likely€be€admissible.€€First,€there€is€no€doctor„Ð ^®  Ðpatient€privilege€in€Maryland;€therefore,€Dr.€Flossðð€testimony€cannot€be€stopped€because€of€aÐ D”  Ðprivilege.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àHearsay€is€generally€not€allowed€in,€unless€an€exception€applies.€€Hearsay€is€an€out€ofÐ öF Ðcourt€statement€offered€in€court€for€its€truth.Ð Ü, ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÓÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ¤KÝÝ  Ýà  àJaneððs€statements€about€her€condition,€her€pain,€etc.€will€be€allowed€in€because€they€fallÐ ¨ø Ðunder€the€hearsay€exception€ð!ð€statements€made€for€the€purpose€of€medical€diagnosis.€€InÐ ŽÞ Ðaddition,€Janeððs€statements€would€be€admissible€as€admissions€by€party„opponent;€which€isÐ tÄ Ðanother€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€€All€of€Janeððs€statements€would€be€allowed€in;€therefore,Ð Zª Ðas€long€as€they€are€relevant€(tend€to€make€a€fact€in€issue€more€likely€than€not).€€However,€JaneððsÐ @ Ðstatements€to€Dr.€Floss€about€the€lawsuit€are€probably€not€relevant.݃ ÿÿ¤KïK݌Р&v ÐŒÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÓÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿùNÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿùNDO݌̌Ó  ÓÓÓÝ  Ýà  à(b)à ` àThe€work€done€by€Dr.€Floss€in€response€to€the€attorneyððs€inquiry€will€probablyÐ òB Ðnot€be€admissible€under€the€work€product€exception.€€Under€this€exception,€any€material€that€isÐ Ø( Ðprepared€in€anticipation€of€trial€is€privileged€unless€the€opposing€side€can€€show€that€they€have€aÐ ¾ Ðsubstantial€need€for€it€and€cannot€get€it€without€undue€hardship.€€However,€if€the€work€containsÐ ¤ô Ðthe€attorneyððs€opinions€of€theory,€it€will€probably€be€protected€no€matter€what.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àThis€is€protected€work€product€(Dr.€Flossðð€research€for€the€attorney).€€Dr.€Brush€wouldÐ V"¦! Ðhave€to€argue€that€the€work€product€protection€should€be€waived.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àHowever,€all€of€Janeððs€statements€to€Dr.€Floss€discussed€in€(a)€will€probably€still€beÐ %X $ Ðadmissible.€€These€statements€do€not€fall€under€the€work€product€exception€because€they€wereÐ î%>!% Ðnot€part€of€€Dr.€Flossðð€preparation€in€anticipation€of€trial.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌò òó óÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€Xw§XXXw§Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ& Ì ÔÝ‚ÿÿÿ TÝÝ  ÝREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€2݃ÿÿ TlTÝÔ erHTԌР†)Ö$) ÐŒÓ  Óó óÔ€Xw§XXXw§ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ'̆)`TÔÌÓ  Óà  àRelevant€evidence€is€any€evidence€that€is€material€and€not€excluded€by€other€rules€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðevidence.€€Here,€Dr.€Flossðð€testimony€is€relevant€to€determine€Dr.€Brushððs€negligence€as€to€Jane.Ð 8,ˆ', Їà  àA.à ` àExpert€testimony€must€be€by€a€proper€person,€on€the€proper€subject€with€theÐ ° Ðproper€opinion.€€Here,€Dr.€Floss€is€a€(dentist)€doctor,€testifying€about€ð ðdental€malpracticeðð€andÐ –æ Ðhis€opinion€is€about€Dr.€Brushððs€treatment€of€Jane.€€Dr.€Floss€is€admissible€as€an€expert€witness.€€Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àHearsay€is€an€out€of€court€statement€offered€for€its€truth.€€It€is€not€admissible€unless€underÐ H˜ Ðan€exception.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àHearing€Dr.€Flossðð€testimony€about€what€Jane€told€him€would€be€hearsay.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àMedical€diagnosis€is€an€exception€to€hearsay.€€Here,€Jane€told€Dr.€Floss€about€ð ðpain€inÐ Æ   Ðlowerð8ð.difficult€eatingð8ððð€for€the€purpose€Janeððs€medical€diagnosis€statement€admissible.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àDr.€Flossðð€statements€to€Jane€would€be€hearsay.€€However,€they€qualify€under€medicalÐ xÈ  Ðdiagnosis€exception.€€ð ðPlacement€of€implants€not€unusual...difficulties€with€eating€ð8ðwould€beÐ ^®  Ðconnectedðð€€These€statements€are€admissible.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àòòStatement€by€party€opponent€exception.óó€€Applies€to€statements€made€by€Jane€to€Dr.€FlossÐ ` Ðsince€Dr.€Floss€is€an€expert€for€the€defense.Ð öF ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÓÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ¨[ÝÝ  Ýà  àB.à ` àAttorney/client€privilege€applies€to€communications€between€attorney€and€clientÐ Â Ðor€between€an€attorney€and€third€party€on€behalf€of€the€client.€€Here,€Janeððs€attorney€discussedÐ ¨ø ÐJaneððs€legal€theories€with€Dr.€Floss.€€Dr.€Floss€conducted€ð ðresearchð8ððð€on€behalf€of€JaneððsÐ ŽÞ Ðattorney€and€Dr.€Floss€billed€Janeððs€attorney€for€the€ð ðtelephone€callðð€and€ð ðresearchðð.€€Dr.€FlossÐ tÄ Ðwas€a€thirty€party,€working€on€behalf€of€Janeððs€attorney€so€the€info€and€telephone€call€areÐ Zª ÐÔ_ÔprivilegedÔ_Ô€because€it€was€in€anticipation€of€litigation.݃ ÿÿ¨[ó[݌Р@ ÐŒÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÓÓÝ  ÝÓÓÝ‚ ÿÿÿ-_ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿ-_x_݌̌Ó  ÓÓÓÝ  Ýà  àAttorney€work€product.€€It€is€privileged.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àDr.€Floss€could€be€an€expert€for€the€defense€but€not€testify€to€anything€obtained€for€JaneððsÐ Ø( Ðattorney.Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àNo€doctor/patient€privilege€in€Maryland.Ð  Š Ú ÐÑ€"OaÑà@uu#ìàò òQuestion€No.€3ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àOn€February€2,€1990,€Tom,€a€widower€and€resident€of€Allegany€County,€Maryland,Ð |Ì Ðexecuted€a€deed€prepared€by€his€attorney,€Adam,€conveying€his€150€acre€farm€to€his€children,Ð b² ÐDoris,€Ella€and€Fred.€€The€deed€was€fully€compliant€with€applicable€law€as€to€form,€content€andÐ H˜ Ðexecution.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àOn€June€4,€1997€Tom€signed€a€will€prepared€by€attorney€Ben,€in€which€Tom€devised€andÐ ú J Ðbequeathed€all€of€his€estate€to€ð ðthose€of€my€children€who€survive€me,€share€and€share€alikeðð.€Ð à 0 ÐThe€will€was€properly€executed€and€witnessed.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àTom€died€on€May€7,€2002.€€His€daughter,€Doris,€has€engaged€you,€a€Maryland€attorney,Ð ’â  Ðto€assist€in€the€administration€of€his€estate.€€She€delivers€to€you€photocopies€of€his€will€and€theÐ xÈ  Ð1990€deed,€both€of€which€were€given€to€her€by€Tom€a€week€before€his€death€because€of€herÐ ^®  Ðdesignation€as€personal€representative€in€the€will.€€She€advises€you€that€the€original€will€and€deedÐ D”  Ðare€in€Tomððs€safe€deposit€box€at€Local€Bank.€€The€copy€of€the€deed€shows€no€evidence€of€havingÐ *z  Ðbeen€recorded€and€your€subsequent€examination€of€the€county€land€records€confirms€that€it€hadÐ ` Ðnot.€€During€your€initial€meeting€with€Doris€she€confirms€that€the€named€grantees€in€the€deed€areÐ öF Ðliving.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àSeveral€days€later€Doris€delivers€to€you€the€original€will€and€deed€retrieved€from€TomððsÐ ¨ø Ðsafe€deposit€box.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àExcept€for€a€modest€savings€account€payable€on€death€to€Doris,€and€a€$10,000€lifeÐ Zª Ðinsurance€policy€payable€to€the€ð ðsurviving€children€of€the€insuredðð,€the€farm,€which€isÐ @ Ðimmediately€adjacent€to€an€upscale€residential€area€and€much€coveted€by€developers,€appears€toÐ &v Ðbe€Tomððs€only€asset.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWhile€administration€of€Tomððs€estate€is€pending,€you€are€contacted€by€Sam€who€claimsÐ Ø( Ðto€be€an€adult€son€of€Tom€and€Mary,€a€woman€with€whom€Tom€had€a€personal€relationshipÐ ¾ Ðfollowing€his€wifeððs€death€but€had€not€married.€€Sam€produces€a€1978€birth€certificate€whichÐ ¤ô Ðidentifies€Tom€as€Samððs€father.€€He€also€produces€an€affidavit€by€Tom€dated€1985Ð Š Ú Ðacknowledging€Sam€as€his€child.€€He€requests€and€receives€from€you€a€copy€of€Tomððs€will.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àDoris€acknowledges€that€within€the€community€Tom€was€believed€to€be€the€father€of€SamÐ <#Œ" Ðbut€neither€Tom€nor€his€children€had€a€personal€relationship€with€him.€€She€does€not€want€you€toÐ "$r# Ðtake€any€action€which€could€give€Sam€an€interest€in€the€farm.€€She€and€her€siblings€also€want€theÐ %X $ Ðdeed€recorded.Ð î%>!% ÐÌà  àò òUnder€the€circumstances,€what€is€your€obligation€to€Tomððs€€estate,€his€identifiedÐ º' #' Ðheirs€and€Sam,€if€any?€€Identify€the€facts€which€support€your€conclusions.Ð  (ð#( Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òÔ& Ì ÔREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1€Ð l*¼%* ÐÓ  Óó óà  àThis€question€poses€a€touchy€legal€question€as€to€whether€a€validly€executed€butÔ'Ìl*nÔÐ R+¢&+ Ðunrecorded€deed€can€trump€or€be€trumped€by€an€equally€lawfully€executed€will.€The€legalÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdetermination€is€made€more€complex€by€the€fact€that€Maryland€follows€the€warranty€rule€doesÐ ° Ðnot€hold€title€until€a€deed€is€actually€recorded.Ð –æ Ðò òà  àó óÌà  àI€interpret€this€question€to€be€asking€something€very€different€and€that€is€what€myÐ b² Ðobligations€as€an€attorney€are€to€Tomððs€estate,€his€identified€heirs€and€Sam.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€key€fact€here€is€that€I€was€actually€retained€by€Doris€to€assist€her€in€her€duties€asÐ  d Ðadministrator€of€the€estate.€€As€such,€my€principal€duty€is€to€her€in€that€role€and€not€to€Sam€orÐ ú J Ðany€other€potential€beneficiary.€€Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àThe€RPC€contains€significant€guidance€on€this€issue.€€My€representation€and€judgment€isÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€be€conducted€for€the€sole€benefit€of€my€client.€Indeed,€it€is€a€conflict€of€interest€if€I€allow€myÐ ’â  Ðpersonal€interest,€the€interest€of€the€third€party€to€interfere€with€my€judgment.€€In€addition,€theÐ xÈ  Ðethics€code€says€that€I€am€to€abide€by€the€decisions€of€my€client€as€to€the€objectives€of€theÐ ^®  Ðrepresentation.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àThe€greatest€challenge€on€this€count€is€Dorisðð€opposition€to€giving€Sam€an€interest€in€theÐ ` Ðfarm.€Is€such€a€request€part€of€her€personal€interest€or€does€it€instead€represent€the€good€faithÐ öF Ðeffort€of€an€estate€administrator€to€effectuate€the€intent€of€the€decedent.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àMy€solution€to€this€is€to€advise€Doris€to€seek€independent€counsel.€€Her€effort€to€have€theÐ ¨ø Ðdeed€recorded€is€clearly€part€of€her€personal€interest€rather€than€her€duties€as€administrator.€Ð ŽÞ ÐBecause€of€my€duties€to€the€estate€itself,€it€is€probably€best€if€the€actual€recording€of€the€deed,Ð tÄ Ðwhich€may€serve€to€cut€off€Samððs€rights,€is€not€done€by€me€as€it€would€conflict€with€my€duties€toÐ Zª Ðthe€estate€as€a€whole.€€Thus,€the€recording€is€best€left,€perhaps€to€Attorney€Adam€who€executedÐ @ Ðthe€deed€Ô_ÔinÔ_Ô€1990.Ð &v ÐÌà  àA€final€fact€which€suggests€that€I€should€be€careful€about€conflicts€between€the€deed€andÐ òB Ðthe€will€is€that€both€were€kept€in€a€single€deposit€box.€€Thus,€Tom€surely€had€not€forgotten€toÐ Ø( Ðdeliver€the€deed€or€otherwise€wanted€to€attempt€to€revoke€the€deed€by€nondelivery€since€he€keptÐ ¾ Ðthem€together€and€delivered€them€to€Doris€together€a€week€before€his€death.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àWhile€Doris€and€her€siblings€appear€to€have€a€common€interest€in€having€the€deedÐ p!À  Ðrecorded,€I€would€advise€each€of€them€to€obtain€separate€counsel€to€protect€their€interests.€€SamððsÐ V"¦! Ðinterest€is€clearly€opposed€to€those€of€Tomððs€children€and€he€clearly€needs€to€have€his€ownÐ <#Œ" Ðattorney.Ð "$r# ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€#2Ð î%>!% ÐÌÓ  Óà  àó óMy€first€obligation€to€the€estate,€the€identified€heirs€and€to€Sam€is€to€clarifyÐ º' #' Ðrepresentation.€€According€to€the€facts,€I€was€retained€to€assist€in€the€administration€of€the€estate.€Ð  (ð#( ÐAlthough€Doris,€an€identified€heir,€hired€me,€my€duty€is€to€the€estate.€Because€of€this€I€wouldÐ †)Ö$) Ðadvise€Sam€and€the€identified€heirs,€including€Doris,€to€obtain€independent€counsel.€I€advisedÐ l*¼%* Ðthem€that€I€represent€the€interest€of€the€estate€of€Tom.€€It€would€be€a€conflict€of€interest€under€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐRPC€to€represent€the€identified€heirs€or€Sam€because€their€interests€appear€to€be€directly€adverseÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÑ"Oa Ñâ "âѰ°Ñâ "âÑ  Ñto€those€of€the€estate.€€It€would€not€be€reasonable€to€attempt€to€represent€all€of€these€partiesÐ ° Ðconcurrently€because€of€the€obvious€conflicts.€€Sam€is€likely€to€have€a€claim€against€the€estateÐ –æ Ðunder€the€will€because€of€the€clause€ð ðthose€of€my€children€who€survive€me,€share€and€shareÐ |Ì Ðalike.ðð€€Sam€will€seek€to€establish€Tomððs€paternity€and€dispute€valid€delivery€of€the€deed€becauseÐ b² Ðit€was€not€recorded€and€that€there€was€no€present€intention€to€deliver€because€the€conveyanceÐ H˜ Ðwas€not€communicated€to€the€children€except€to€Doris€a€week€prior€to€Tomððs€death€and€the€deedÐ . ~ Ðwas€never€recorded.€€On€the€other€hand,€Doris,€Ella€and€Fred€will€oppose€Samððs€claim.€€DorisÐ  d Ðhas€also€informed€you€not€to€take€any€action€which€could€give€Sam€an€interest€in€the€farm.€€ToÐ ú J Ðfollow€Dorisðð€instructions€under€these€facts€may€also€put€me€in€the€position€of€abetting€aÐ à 0 Ðfraudulent€act€which€would€violate€the€RPC€also.€€Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àAs€attorney€to€the€estate,€I€would€file€an€action€to€quiet€title€to€determine€whether€theÐ ’â  Ðconveyance€was€valid€and€whether€the€land€is€included€or€excluded€from€the€estate.€Ð xÈ  ÐAdditionally,€I€would€have€to€determine€potential€heirs.€€This€would€include€determining€thatÐ ^®  ÐSam€has€produced€evidence€to€identify€himself€as€an€heir,€or€if€the€estate€would€need€a€judicialÐ D”  Ðdetermination€of€paternity.€Ð *z  ÐÌà  àIf€Dorisðð€interest€in€the€estate€prevents€her€from€being€unbiased,€perhaps€I€should€ask€thatÐ öF Ða€more€neutral€administrator€be€appointed.Ð  Ü, Ðà@%ìàò òQuestion€€4ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÓ XÓYou€are€a€Maryland€attorney,€representing€Anna€in€a€suit€seeking€monetary€damages€inÐ |Ì Ðthe€Circuit€Court€for€Washington€County€against€a€health€insurance€company€known€as€HealthyÐ b² ÐCoverage€Assured€(HCA)€which€has€refused€to€pay€for€medical€expenses€Anna€contends€areÐ H˜ Ðcovered€under€the€policy;Ð . ~ ÐÓ XÓÌà  àa.à ` àIn€preparing€for€trial€you€timely€serve€a€set€of€thirty€interrogatories€on€HCA€andÐ ú J ÐBill,€the€appropriate€person€at€HCA,€responds€to€the€questions.€€Bill,€on€behalf€of€HCA,€timelyÐ à 0 Ðfiles€the€answers€but€refuses€to€answer€two€questions€of€the€thirty€and€answers€nonresponsivelyÐ Æ   Ðto€a€third€question.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àò òWhat€procedure€should€you€follow€to€obtain€the€answers?€€Explain€fully.ó óÐ xÈ  ÐÌà  àb.à ` àBill€truthfully€answers€Interrogatory€No.€1.€€Doug,€an€officer€of€HCA,€inÐ D”  Ðpreparation€for€trial,€reviews€Billððs€answers.€€Doug€is€aware€of€additional€information€which,€hadÐ *z  Ðit€been€known€by€Bill€at€the€time€he€answered€the€interrogatories€should€have€been€included€withÐ ` Ðthe€answer€to€Interrogatory€No.€1.€€The€interrogatories€when€propounded€were€not€expresslyÐ öF Ðmade€continuing.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àò òMust€HCA€supplement€its€response€to€Interrogatory€No.1?€€€€Explain.ó óÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àc.à ` àYou€also€wish€to€depose€Chuck€the€former€Claims€Manager€with€HCA€whoÐ tÄ Ðinitially€denied€Annaððs€claim.€€He€is€now€retired€and€resides€in€New€Jersey.€€Neither€he€nor€HCAÐ Zª Ðwill€cooperate€in€making€Chuck€available€for€a€deposition.Ð @ ÐÌà  àò òWhat€procedures,€if€any,€are€available€for€you€to€require€Chuck€to€appear€for€aÐ  \ Ðdeposition?ó óÐ òB ÐÌà  àd.à ` àAssume€after€proper€notice€to€opposing€counsel,€Chuck€was€deposed.€€Chuck€saysÐ ¾ ÐAnnaððs€claim€should€have€been€covered€under€the€policy€and€should€not€have€been€denied.€€YouÐ ¤ô Ðdesire€to€offer€the€deposition€testimony€as€part€of€your€case€in€chief.€€Opposing€counsel€object.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àà ` àò òHow€should€the€Court€rule?ó óÐ V"¦! ÐÌà  àe.à ` àHCA€notes€the€deposition€of€Darrell,€a€co„employee€with€whom€Anna€had€a€briefÐ "$r# Ðaffair€unbeknownst€to€her€husband.€€Anna€tells€you€that€Darrell€could€not€Ô_ÔpossiblyÔ_Ô€haveÐ %X $ Ðinformation€relevant€to€her€claim.Ð î%>!% ÐÌà  àà ` àò òWhat,€if€any,€motion€might€you€file€on€Annaððs€behalf€in€this€regard?€Ð º' #' ÐExplain.ó ó€€Ð  (ð#( Ðâ âà  àÐ †)Ö$) ÐÓ  Óò òÔ& ~ Ôâ âREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ° Ðó óÌÓ XÓÓ  Ó(a)à ` àBillððs€InterrogatoriesÐ |Ì ÐÐ b² Ðà ` àBefore€taking€any€further€steps,€I€need€to€be€sure€to€make€a€good€faith€effort€toÔ'~°Ž‘ÔÐ H˜ Ðobtain€this€information€from€Bill.€Discovery€is€a€party„driven€process€and€is€not€meant€to€involveÐ . ~ Ðthe€court€unless€necessary.€€The€fact€THAT€Bill€refuses€to€answer€two€questions€and€isÐ  d Ðnonresponsive€to€a€third€questions€suggests€to€me€that€further€efforts€on€my€part€will€not€leadÐ ú J Ðanywhere.€€Under€2„431,€I€just€first€file€a€certificate€describing€the€good€faith€attempts€made€byÐ à 0 Ðme€in€discussing€with€the€opposing€attorney€some€resolution€to€this€problem.€€I€should€includeÐ Æ   Ðthe€date,€time€and€circumstances€of€each€discussion.€€Having€filed€the€certificate,€and€uponÐ ¬ ü  Ðreasonable€notice€to€other€parties€and€all€persons€affected,€I€may€now€file€a€motion€to€compelÐ ’â  Ðdiscovery.€€€Under€2„432(2)(b),€Billððs€refusal€to€answer€is€a€ground€for€compelling€discovery,Ð xÈ  Ðnamely,€the€failure€of€a€deponent€to€answer€a€question€in€a€written€Interrogatory.Ð ^®  ÐÐ D”  Ð(b)à ` àInterrogatory€No.€1Ð *z  ÐÐ ` Ðà ` àHCA€must€supplement€its€response€to€Interrogatory€#1.€€Although€theÐ öF Ðinterrogatories€were€not€expressly€made€continuing,€Maryland€Rules€make€clear€that€there€is€aÐ Ü, Ðduty€to€supplement€information€given€in€the€course€of€discovery€at€all€times.€€Ð  ÐÐ ¨ø Ð(c)à ` àDeposition€of€ChuckÐ ŽÞ ÐÐ tÄ Ðà ` àA€nonresident€who€is€not€a€party€to€the€case€may€nevertheless€be€subpoenaed€forÐ Zª Ða€deposition€under€2„413.€€Because€Bill€lives€in€New€Jersey,€I€can€require€him€to€attend€aÐ @ Ðdeposition€outside€of€Maryland€in€accordance€with€the€law€of€the€place€where€the€deposition€isÐ &v Ðheld,€i.e.,€New€Jersey.€€This€is€the€practice€as€set€forth€in€€2„413(2).€€€(I€am€assuming€that€ChuckÐ  \ Ðwill€be€served€with€his€subpoena€in€New€Jersey).€€Ð òB ÐÓ XÓÌà  à(d)à ` à€Opposing€counselððs€ObjectionÐ ¾ ÐÌÓ XÓÓ XÓÓB+4 44Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°°ŒX(#BÓIf€opposing€counsel€was€present€and€had€notice€the€court€will€likely€allow€theÐ Š Ú Ðtestimony€in€as€part€of€the€case€in€chief€as€the€testimony€is€relevant€and€Chuck€is€€€out€ofÐ p!À  Ðstate€and€unavailable.€€The€testimony€could€come€in€under€the€former€testimonyÐ V"¦! Ðexception€to€hearsay.€€The€opposing€party€was€given€a€chance€to€fully€develop€ChuckððsÐ <#Œ" Ðtestimony€in€the€deposition€and€it€should€therefore€be€admissible.Ð "$r# ÐÓ XÓÓ XÓÓB+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!444‹XBÓÌà  à(e)à ` àAnnaððs€MotionÐ î%>!% Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àà ` àI€would€file€a€motion€for€a€protective€order€under€2„403.€€I€am€entitled€to€protectÐ º' #' Ðagainst€the€deposition€of€Darrell€€as€it€would€cause€undue€embarrassment€and€appears€to€be€of€noÐ  (ð#( Ðrelevance€to€the€case.€€I€believe€the€protective€order€will€be€granted.€€à  à€Ð †)Ö$) Ðâ âÓ  Óò òÐ l*¼%* ÐÔ& ² Ôâ âREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€#2Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àa.à ` àPursuant€to€Maryland€Civil€Rules€ðð2„421€parties€may€serve€writtenÔ'²°ÓŸÔÐ |Ì Ðinterrogatories€(no€more€than€30)€and€the€party€to€whom€they€are€directed€must€answer€with€allÐ b² Ðinformation€available€to€the€party.€€HCAððs€responses€to€the€interrogatories€I,€as€Annaððs€attorney,Ð H˜ Ðhave€sent€out.€€Therefore,€I€will€first€discuss€this€with€opposing€counsel€and€attempt€to€get€HCAÐ . ~ Ðto€answer€the€two€unanswered€and€one€nonresponsive€question€within€a€reasonable€amount€ofÐ  d Ðtime.€€If,€after€discussing€this€with€him,€I€am€unable€to€procure€an€answer€from€HCA€€€on€theseÐ ú J Ðthree€interrogatories,€I€will€then€file€a€certificate€with€the€court€pursuant€to€ðð2„432€of€theÐ à 0 ÐMaryland€Rules,€setting€forth€my€attempt€to€resolve€this€issue.€€The€certificate€will€be€specific€asÐ Æ   Ðto€the€time,€date€and€manner€of€discussions€I€had€with€opposing€counsel.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àAfter€filing€the€certificate,€I€will€also€file€a€motion€to€compel€discovery€pursuant€to€ðð2„Ð xÈ  Ð432(b)(D).Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àHowever,€under€Maryland€Rules.,€pursuant€to€ðð2„432,€I€am€also€entitled€to€immediateÐ *z  Ðsanctions€without€first€obtaining€an€order€compelling€discovery€because€HCA€has€failed€toÐ ` Ðanswer€the€interrogatories.€€So€it€is€important€to€file€for€both€immediate€sanctions€as€well€as€fileÐ öF Ða€motion€to€compel€so€that€the€court€can€order€HCA€to€respond.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àb.à ` àYes,€HCA€must€supplement€pursuant€to€Maryland€Rule€ðð2„421€which€requiresÐ ¨ø Ðanswers€to€include€ð ðall€information€available€to€the€party€directly€or€through€agents,Ð ŽÞ Ðrepresentatives€or€attorneys.ðð€€Because€this€information€was€known€by€Doug€(an€officer)€it€mustÐ tÄ Ðbe€supplemented.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àc.à ` àI€can€subpoena€Chuck€to€be€deposed;€however,€I€must€conduct€that€deposition€inÐ &v ÐNew€Jersey,€his€State€of€residence€and€such€deposition€will€be€in€accordance€with€the€laws€ofÐ  \ ÐNew€Jersey,€pursuant€to€ðð2„413(2).Ð òB ÐÌà  àd.à ` àThe€court€should€overrule€the€objection.€€Pursuant€to€ðð2„419(3)€a€deposition€of€aÐ ¾ Ðnonparty€witness€such€as€Ô_ÔChuckÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€may€be€used€by€any€party€for€any€purpose€so€long€as€theÐ ¤ô Ðopposing€party€was€represented,€present€or€had€notice€of€the€deposition€in€question€becauseÐ Š Ú ÐChuck€is€out€of€State€and€therefore€would€be€found€to€be€unavailable.€€Therefore,€as€long€asÐ p!À  ÐHCA€has€notice€of€Chuckððs€deposition,€whether€or€not€they€attended,€his€deposition€can€be€usedÐ V"¦! Ðin€my€case€in€chief.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àe.à ` àI€could€file€a€motion€for€a€protective€order€pursuant€to€ðð2„403€requesting€thatÐ %X $ ÐDarrell€not€be€deposed€because€of€embarrassment€to€Anna,€setting€forth€in€my€motion€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðdeposition€of€Darrell€is€not€relevant€to€the€case€and€only€sought€to€embarrass€Anna.€€In€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðalternative,€I€could€request€€if€the€court€insists€on€Darrell€being€deposed€that€a€protective€order€beÐ º' #' Ðissued€limiting€the€scope€of€the€deposition€to€certain€relevant€matters.€Ð   (ð#( Ðà@!!%ìàò òQuestion€5ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€Howard€Youth€Hockey€Club,€Inc.€(the€ð ðClubðð)€is€a€private,€non„profit€organizationÐ |Ì Ðwhich€sponsors€recreational€hockey€leagues€in€Howard€County,€Maryland.€€Its€activities€are€heldÐ b² Ðexclusively€at€the€County€Skating€Rink,€a€public€recreational€facility€owned€by€the€County€andÐ H˜ Ðsupported€by€County€taxes.€€The€Club€leases€rink€time€from€the€County€at€a€rate€substantiallyÐ . ~ Ðless€than€that€which€the€County€charges€other€users.€€When€it€is€using€the€rink,€the€ClubððsÐ  d Ðvolunteers€operate€a€snack€bar€located€at€the€facility€and€the€sale€proceeds€are€paid€to€the€Club.€Ð ú J ÐThe€Club€offers€free€skating€clinics€for€County€residents€and€allows€any€County€resident€toÐ à 0 Ðparticipate€in€its€programs€at€a€reduced€rate.€€The€County€itself€offers€no€recreational€hockeyÐ Æ   Ðprogram€but€several€other€groups€use€the€skating€rink.€€In€addition,€the€rink€is€open€to€the€publicÐ ¬ ü  Ðfor€skating€several€hours€each€week.€Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€2000€„€2001€hockey€season€was€marred€by€several€fights€among€players€andÐ ^®  Ðspectators.€€In€response,€the€Clubððs€Board€of€Directors€adopted€two€rules€for€future€seasons.€Ð D”  ÐFirst,€it€required€opposing€coaches€to€gather€both€teams€together€prior€to€games€and€lead€a€non„Ð *z  Ðdenominational€prayer€as€follows:Ð ` ÐÌà8  àð ðAlmighty€God,€we€ask€you€to€give€us€the€gift€of€good€sportsmanship€for€thisÐ Ü, Ðgame.€€We€promise€you€and€each€other€to€do€our€best€to€skate€well€and€play€fairÐ Â Ðtoday.ððШøÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àSecond,€the€Board€adopted€a€rule€that€stated€that€any€adult€involved€in€a€physical€orÐ tÄ Ðverbal€confrontation€with€any€person€at€a€Club€event€would€be€subject€to€a€ban€from€all€futureÐ Zª ÐClub€events€for€a€period€to€be€determined€by€the€Board.Ð @ ÐÌà  àOn€the€first€day€of€the€Summer€hockey€season,€July€1,€2002,€Allan€Atheist,€a€seventeenÐ  \ Ðyear€old€who€has€played€Club€hockey€for€ten€years,€objected€to€participating€in€the€pre„gameÐ òB Ðprayer€saying€that€he€did€not€believe€in€God.€€His€coach€suspended€him.€€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àAlso€on€the€first€day,€Lenny€Loud,€an€adult€whose€daughter€plays€for€a€Club€team,Ð ¤ô Ðbecame€involved€in€a€verbal€argument€with€a€referee€after€a€game.€€The€Club€Board€met€with€theÐ Š Ú Ðreferee€and€the€coaches€of€the€two€teams€and€decided€to€ban€Lenny€for€the€remainder€of€theÐ p!À  Ðseason.€€At€the€Boardððs€request,€the€County€Parks€director€has€written€to€Lenny€telling€him€thatÐ V"¦! Ðhe€will€be€subject€to€arrest€for€trespassing€if€he€enters€the€County€Skating€Rink€during€a€ClubÐ <#Œ" Ðevent€for€the€remainder€of€the€season.Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àò òAllan€and€Lenny€wish€to€challenge€the€actions€and€policies€described€above.€€WhatÐ î%>!% Ðarguments€might€they€raise?€€How€would€a€court€analyze€these€contentions?€€Explain€yourÐ Ô&$"& Ðanswer€thoroughly.ó óÐ º' #' ÐÌà@îîìàÔ& ² ÔRepresentative€Good€Answer€1.ˆÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àOnly€state€actions€are€subject€to€constitutional€scrutiny.€€Here,€the€hockey€club€is€private,Ô'²†)`»ÔÐ R+¢&+ Ðhowever,€it€enjoys€a€number€of€benefits€of€the€County,€such€as€use€of€the€county€rink€atÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsubstantially€reduced€rates€with€use€of€county€taxes,€free€clinics€for€county€residents€and€reducedÐ ° Ðrates;€also,€the€public€uses€the€facility.€€Because€the€county€is€so€involved€in€the€club€(beyondÐ –æ Ðmere€licensure€or€use€of€premises)€then€the€clubððs€actions€may€be€state€action€by€the€county.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àA€party€must€have€standing€to€challenge€a€regulation.€€Here,€Allan€is€a€player€who€hasÐ H˜ Ðbeen€suspended€for€refusing€to€pray.€€Lenny€has€been€banned€from€the€rink€where€his€daughterÐ . ~ Ðplays;€so€both€have€standing.Ð  d ÐÌà  àThe€First€Amendment€prohibits€government€endorsement€of€religion€through€theÐ à 0 Ðestablishment€clause.€€A€government€action€is€unconstitutional€under€the€Lemon€test€if€it€has€aÐ Æ   Ðreligious€purpose€without€a€secular€one,€its€primary€effect€advances€religion,€and€it€is€excessivelyÐ ¬ ü  Ðentangled€with€religion.€€Here,€a€prayer,€even€though€non„denominational,€may€have€a€secularÐ ’â  Ðpurpose€of€promoting€sportsmanship€and€may€have€that€effect,€it€is€excessively€entangled€byÐ xÈ  Ðaddressing€ð ðalmighty€God.ððÐ ^®  ÐÌà  àThe€first€amendment€also€prohibits€the€restriction€of€protected€speech.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àThis€includes€a€prohibition€from€forcing€persons€to€speak€or€adopt€beliefs€they€may€notÐ öF Ðhold.€€It€is€therefore€unconstitutional€to€force€Allan€to€recite€the€prayer,€so€the€prayer€rule€mayÐ Ü, Ðnot€be€used€to€suspend€him€and€is€unconstitutional.Ð Â ÐÌà  àIncitements€to€violence€are€not€protected€speech,€also€fighting€words.€€Lennyððs€verbalÐ ŽÞ Ðargument€is€not€an€incitement€or€fighting€words,€so€it€is€still€protected€speech.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àProtected€speech€that€is€content„based€may€not€be€regulated€unless€it€is€narrowly€tailoredÐ @ Ðto€serve€a€compelling€government€interest€and€it€is€the€least€restrictive.€€Here€the€rule€ofÐ &v Ðarguments€may€serve€a€compelling€interest€on€reducing€violence€associated€with€sports,€but€theÐ  \ Ðban€on€ð ðall€physical,€or€verbal€confrontationðð€is€not€narrowly€tailored.Ð òB ÐÌà  àStatutes€regarding€speech€may€not€be€over€broad;€here€the€regulation€bans€ð ðany€adultðð€inÐ ¾ Ða€physical€or€verbal€confrontation€with€ð ðany€person,ðð€and€is€thus€over€broad.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àDue€process:€person€can€not€be€deprived€of€right€without€due€process.€€Here,€LennyÐ p!À  Ðdeprived€of€right€to€attend€daughters€games;€not€a€fundamental€right;€subject€to€rational€review;Ð V"¦! Ðwill€survive.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àMay€be€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€to€ban€for€whole€season.Ð %X $ ÐÌà@[[ìàRepresentative€Good€Answer€No.€2ˆÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌòòEstablishment€Clause€„€AllanóóÐ  (ð#( ÐÌà  àThe€constitution€provides€under€the€First€Amendment€that€government€may€not€helpÐ l*¼%* Ðreligion€pursuant€to€the€Establishment€Clause€(ð ðECðð)Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àState€action€is€necessary€to€implicate€the€EC.€€State€action€can€be€applied€to€privateÐ ° Ðfunctions€and€organizations€if€the€State€1)€encourages€the€activity,€2)€is€excessively€entangled€inÐ –æ Ðthe€activity,€3)€or€it€is€a€company€town.€€Here,€although€the€club€is€a€ð ðprivate,€non„profitÐ |Ì Ðorganization,ðð€the€county€permits€it€to€use€the€County€skating€rink€at€a€lowered€fee.€€The€skatingÐ b² Ðrink€is€owned€by€the€county,€supported€by€company€taxes.€€The€club€also€offers€free€skatingÐ H˜ Ðclinics€to€the€public€and€allows€residents€to€participate€in€programs€at€a€reduced€rate.€€From€theseÐ . ~ Ðfacts,€the€clubððs€functions€amount€to€òòstate€actionóó€since€the€County€is€leasing€the€premises€andÐ  d Ðencouraging€attendance€and€use.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àAllan€must€have€standing€to€bring€an€EC€action.€€Typically,€tax€payers€have€standing€inÐ Æ   ÐEC€violations.€€Here,€Allan€is€an€atheist€and€was€suspended€from€the€hockey€team€for€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðparticipating€in€the€pre„game€prayer.€€He€has€suffered€an€actual€injury€which€is€redressable€to€theÐ ’â  Ðgovernment.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àEC€challenges€will€be€analyzed€under€the€Lemon€Test:€1)€is€the€primary€purpose€of€theÐ D”  Ðrule€secular?€2)€is€the€primary€effect€of€the€rule€inhibit€or€advance€religion?€3)€is€there€excessiveÐ *z  Ðstate€entanglement?€€Here,€the€rule€that€non„denominational€prayer€be€said€before€games€wasÐ ` Ðimplemented€in€response€to€fights.€€The€prayer,€however,€states€ð ðAlmighty€Godðð€which€furthersÐ öF Ðreligion.€€Although€the€primary€purpose€of€the€law€is€secular€(less€fighting),€its€primary€effect€isÐ Ü, Ðto€advance€religion.€€There€does€not€seem€to€be€excessive€state€entanglement€since€theÐ Â Ðemployees€are€volunteers€and€there€are€no€other€facts.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àAllan€also€has€a€first€amendment€right€not€to€speak.€€Forcing€a€person€to€say€a€prayerÐ tÄ Ðviolates€this€right.Ð Zª ÐÌòòFreedom€of€Speech„Lenny€LoudóóÐ &v ÐÌà  àAssuming€state€action€(see€prior),€a€law€prohibiting€speech€must€not€be€vague€or€overÐ òB Ðbroad.€€Vague€is€when€a€person€of€reasonable€intelligence€must€guess€at€its€meaning.€€€OverÐ Ø( Ðbroad€means€that€protected€and€unprotected€speech€is€affected.€€Here,€the€rule€states€that€anyÐ ¾ Ðadult€involved€in€a€ð ðverbal€confrontationðð€will€be€banned.€€ð ðVerbal€confrontationðð€is€not€clearlyÐ ¤ô Ðdefined€and€may€fail€for€this€reason.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àLenny€has€standing€because€he€is€an€adult€who€was€banned€from€attending€his€daughterððsÐ V"¦! Ðgames.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àA€regulation€of€speech€that€is€content„neutral€must€have€reasonable€time,€place,€mannerÐ %X $ Ðrestrictions.€€This€means€that€the€rule€has€other€available€means€for€communication,€is€narrowlyÐ î%>!% Ðtailored€and€serves€a€substantial€government€interest.€€Assuming€that€the€rule€doesnððt€fail€forÐ Ô&$"& Ðvagueness€or€overbreadth,€the€rule€seems€reasonable€because€it€is€substantially€related€toÐ º' #' Ðreducing€fights,€and€only€prohibits€ð ðfighting€wordsðð€a€form€of€unprotected€speech.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌòòProcedural€due€processóóÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àCannot€deprive€person€of€life,€liberty,€property€interests€without€notice€and€hearing.€Ð ° Ðâ âLenny€banned€from€all€games€(may€be€a€priority€interest)€without€a€hearing.€€òòUnconstitutionalóó.Ð –æ ÐÌÌÌÌà  àÐ   d Ðò òà@!!%ìàQuestion€6ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àABC,€Inc.€is€a€Maryland€corporation€in€the€business€of€manufacturing€aerospaceÐ |Ì Ðequipment.€€The€corporation€has€issued€100€shares€of€stock:€Able€owns€70€shares,€Baker€10Ð b² Ðshares,€Carla€10€shares€€and€Davis€10€shares.€Able,€Baker€and€Carla€are€the€directors.€€Able€is€theÐ H˜ Ðpresident€of€the€corporation;€Baker€and€Carla€are€not€officers€and€take€no€role€in€the€day„to„dayÐ . ~ Ðoperations€of€the€corporation.€€Davis€is€not€a€director€and€takes€no€active€role€in€the€corporation.€Ð  d ÐÌà  àThroughout€the€1990's,€the€corporation€was€profitable.€€In€1999,€Able€arranged€for€a€loanÐ à 0 Ðfrom€First€Bank€for€$5,000,000€to€purchase€additional€manufacturing€equipment.€€The€loanÐ Æ   Ðdocuments,€which€were€signed€by€Able€as€president€of€the€corporation,€provided,€among€otherÐ ¬ ü  Ðthings,€that€the€corporation€would€not€pay€a€dividend€without€First€Bankððs€approval€during€theÐ ’â  Ðterm€of€the€loan€which€was€seven€years.€€The€loan€arrangements€and€the€loan€documents€wereÐ xÈ  Ðapproved€by€the€full€board€during€a€regular€meeting€but€neither€Baker€nor€Carla€read€the€loanÐ ^®  Ðdocuments.€€Instead,€they€relied€on€Ableððs€good€judgment€and€written€reports€from€theÐ D”  Ðcorporationððs€lawyer€and€accountant€that€the€loan€documents€were€ð ðstandardðð€for€transactions€ofÐ *z  Ðthat€nature€and€in€the€best€interests€of€the€company.€€Neither€Able,€Baker€nor€Carla€personallyÐ ` Ðguaranteed€the€loan.Ð öF ÐÌà  àIn€January€of€2002,€at€a€regular€Board€meeting,€òòóóAble€informed€Baker€and€Carla€that€theÐ Â Ðcorporation€had€$600,000€in€cash€and€hadnððt€paid€a€dividend€for€several€years.€€He€requested€thatÐ ¨ø Ðthey€declare€a€dividend€of€$500,000.€€Able€also€stated€that,€if€they€declared€the€dividend,€ð ðmoneyÐ ŽÞ Ðwould€be€tightðð€for€several€months€but€he€was€anticipating€strong€sales€in€the€next€severalÐ tÄ Ðmonths€which€would€greatly€improve€the€corporationððs€financial€position.€€Baker€and€CarlaÐ Zª Ðobjected€to€the€size€of€the€proposed€dividend.€€Able€insisted,€telling€them€that,€since€he€ownedÐ @ Ð70%€of€the€shares€of€the€company,€he€could€outvote€them.€€Carla€then€said€ð ðWell,€if€thatððs€theÐ &v Ðcase,€have€it€your€own€way€but€I€will€abstain.ðð€€Baker€voted€against€the€proposed€dividend.€€NoÐ  \ Ðone€from€the€Board€spoke€to€either€the€companyððs€accountant€or€its€lawyer€about€this€matter.€Ð òB ÐThe€next€day,€Able€ordered€the€companyððs€bookkeeper€to€write€him€a€dividend€check€forÐ Ø( Ð$350,000€and€similar€checks€for€$50,000€to€each€of€Baker,€Carla€and€Davis.€€Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àA€downturn€in€the€economy€has€caused€demand€for€ABCððs€other€products€to€slumpÐ Š Ú Ðbadly.€€By€June€of€2002,€ABC,€Inc.€was€without€funds€and€was€in€default€on€the€loan€to€FirstÐ p!À  ÐBank.€€The€amount€due€is€$4,000,000.€€ABC,€Inc.€has€many€other€creditors.Ð V"¦! ÐÌò òà  àFirst€Bank€has€retained€you,€a€Maryland€lawyer,€to€recover€as€much€money€asÐ "$r# Ðpossible€from€Able,€Baker,€Carla€and€Davis.€€Based€on€these€facts,€what€legal€theoriesÐ %X $ Ðwould€you€use€against€each€defendant?€€What€are€the€likely€outcomes?ó óÐ î%>!% ÐÌà@[[ìàRepresentative€Good€Answer€No.€1ˆÐ º' #' ÐÌAs€the€attorney€for€First€Bank,€I€would€first€look€into€the€possibility€of€suing€ABC,€Inc.€€TheÐ †)Ö$) Ðcontract€for€the€loan€was€signed€by€Able€in€his€capacity€as€President€of€the€corporation€in€whichÐ l*¼%* Ðhe€had€the€apparent€authority€to€contract€regarding€this€matter.€€It€appears€as€though€First€BankÐ R+¢&+ Ðretained€a€PMSI€in€equipment€and€may€have€certain€property€rights€against€other€creditors,€if€itÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcomplied€with€certain€UCC€requirements.€€However,€the€corporation€is€insolvent.€€First€BankÐ ° Ðmay€wish€to€petition€the€court€for€insolvency€as€a€creditor€of€the€corporation€and€collectÐ –æ Ðwhatever€monies€it€can€that€way.€€Otherwise,€First€Bank€may€have€to€sue€the€individualÐ |Ì Ðshareholders.Ð b² ÐÌòòAbleóóÐ . ~ Ðà  àIf€Able€lacked€the€authority€to€enter€into€the€loan€with€the€bank,€he€may€be€liable€underÐ  d Ðbreach€of€warranty€of€authority.€€Able€probably€had€the€authority€to€enter€into€this€contract.€Ð ú J ÐÌà  àAble€may€also€have€breached€his€duties€of€care€and€loyalty.€€As€a€director,€Able€isÐ Æ   Ðrequired€to€act€in€good€faith,€with€the€belief€that€his€acts€are€within€the€best€interest€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcorporation€and€with€the€care€that€an€ordinarily€prudent€person€would€have€used€under€similarÐ ’â  Ðcircumstances.€€There€is€a€rebuttable€presumption€that€a€director€complied€with€the€above€statuteÐ xÈ  Ð(Business€Judgement€Rule).€€It€is€clear€that€Able€made€an€improper€dividend€distribution.€Ð ^®  ÐAlthough€distributions€are€within€the€discretion€of€the€Board,€he€had€already€agreed€to€not€makeÐ D”  Ðany€dividend€distribution€without€obtaining€approval€from€my€client.€€In€addition,€it€appears€asÐ *z  Ðthough€the€distribution€may€have€made€the€corporation€insolvent,€thus€hampering€my€clientððsÐ ` Ðchances€of€recovery.€€Lastly,€the€directors,€NOT€the€shareholders€vote€for€distributions,€so€thisÐ öF Ðdistribution€did€not€get€passed€by€a€majority€of€the€Board.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àFirst€Bank€may€be€successful€in€piercing€the€corporate€veil€to€reach€Able€as€a€shareholderÐ ¨ø Ðif€the€court€finds€a€need€to€either€prevent€fraud€or€enforce€a€paramount€equity.€€While€it€is€clearÐ ŽÞ Ðthat€Able€breached€his€duties€of€care€and€loyalty€to€the€corporation,€he€did€not€appear€to€owe€theÐ tÄ Ðsame€fiduciary€duties€to€my€client.€€Considering€all€the€facts,€it€does€not€appear€that€Able€usedÐ Zª Ðthe€corporation€as€his€alter„ego€and€the€court€will€probably€not€pierce€the€corporate€veil€for€thatÐ @ Ðreason.Ð &v ÐÌòòBaker€&€CarlaóóÐ òB Ðà  àAs€Directors,€Baker€and€Carla€owed€the€same€duties€of€care€and€loyalty€as€Able.€€NeitherÐ Ø( Ðparty€voted€for€the€improper€distribution€and€expressed€their€dissent.€€However,€their€oppositionÐ ¾ Ðto€the€proposed€dividend€was€not€noted€is€writing€and€given€to€the€corporation.€€However,€theyÐ ¤ô Ðwill€probably€not€be€personally€liable€for€the€reasons€that€Able€will€not€be.Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòDavisóóÐ V"¦! Ðà  àDavis€is€not€a€director.€€He€breached€no€duty€of€care€or€loyalty€to€the€corporation.€Even€ifÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€court€decides€to€pierce€the€corporate€veil,€he€will€not€likely€be€held€personally€liable.Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àIn€conclusion,€the€improper€distribution€was€such€that€made€it€incredibly€difficult€for€myÐ î%>!% Ðclient€to€get€paid€on€his€loan.€€While€this€is€not€ð ðFairðð,€it€probably€does€not€reach€the€level€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðfraud€or€a€paramount€equity€that€would€allow€the€court€to€disregard€the€idea€that€the€owners€(orÐ º' #' Ðshareholders)€of€a€corporation€should€bear€no€personal€liability€for€the€corporationððs€actions€andÐ  (ð#( Ðallow€the€court€to€pierce€the€corporate€veil.Ð †)Ö$) Ðâ âÐ l*¼%* Ðà@BBìàÔ& ˜ Ôâ âRepresentative€Good€Answer€No.€2.ˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àGenerally,€the€officers,€director€and€shareholder/owner€of€a€corporation€have€no€personalÐ |Ì Ðliability€for€a€corporationððs€debt.€€However,€these€parties€may€be€liable€if€1òòstóó€Bank€is€able€toÔ'˜°£÷ÔÐ b² Ðð ðpierce€the€corporate€veil.ðð€€This€hasnððt€happened€often€in€MD,€and€only€happens€to€preventÐ H˜ Ðfraud€or€in€light€of€paramount€equities.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àIf€1òòstóó€Bank€went€after€A€on€a€piercing€the€corporate€veil€theory€to€prevent€fraud,€theyÐ ú J Ðcould€argue€that€A€engineered€the€payment€of€dividends€knowing€that€it€violated€the€loanÐ à 0 Ðagreement€with€1òòstóó€Bank,€and€was€likely€to€cause€ABC€to€have€financial€problems,€and€that€heÐ Æ   Ðdid€this€for€his€own€personal€gain.€€This€could€amount€to€fraud.€€He€also€tried€to€bully€C€&€B€intoÐ ¬ ü  Ðvoting€for€the€measure,€by€telling€them€that€he€could€outvote€them€because€he€had€more€shares.€Ð ’â  ÐI€think€this€might€be€fraud„I€do€not€think€he€gets€to€vote€based€on€his€percent€of€shares,€sinceÐ xÈ  Ðthey€are€all€officers€(D,€also€a€shareholder,€isnððt€voting.€€This€isnððt€a€vote€based€on€shareholding.)€Ð ^®  ÐSo€A€wouldnððt€have€been€able€to€outvote€B&C€and€both€of€them€were€against€it.€€Theyððd€haveÐ D”  Ðhad€2„1€majority.€€He€intentionally€misled€them.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àHowever,€these€violations€of€his€duties€to€ABC€Corp€may€not€be€sufficient€for€1òòstóó€Bank€toÐ öF Ðrecover€against€him.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  à1òòstóó€Bank€is€suing€as€a€creditor,€not€as€a€shareholder€of€ABC€to€get€A€to€pay€for€hisÐ ¨ø Ðviolation€of€duties.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  à1òòstóó€Bank€could€argue€that€A€is€liable€since€he€signed€as€an€agent€on€behalf€of€ABC.€Ð Zª ÐAgents€are€not€normally€liable€for€the€debts€of€the€principal,€unless€the€principal€is€partially€orÐ @ Ðwholly€undisclosed,€or€the€agent€is€acting€outside€the€scope€of€authority.€€Here€ABC€wasÐ &v Ðdisclosed€as€the€principal,€and€A€clearly€had€the€actual€and€apparent€authority,€as€president€andÐ  \ Ðmajority€stockholder€and€a€director,€to€sign€on€ABCððs€behalf.€€This€argument€is€not€likely€toÐ òB Ðsucceed.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àB&C€both€violated€their€duties€as€fiduciaries€of€the€corporation€by€failing€to€use€dueÐ ¤ô Ðcare„reading€the€loan€agreement€„€and€to€investigate€Aððs€assertions€about€his€ability€to€outvoteÐ Š Ú Ðthem,€and€not€opposing€the€dividends.€€They€were€interested€parties€though€they€voted€againstÐ p!À  Ðthe€dividend€payment,€they€did€benefit€from€it.€€They€have€as€directors€duties€of€care€and€loyaltyÐ V"¦! Ðin€ABC€and€these€were€violated€(see€above)Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  à1òòstóó€Bank€could€argue€that€these€violations€amounted€to€fraud,€or€at€least€weigh€on€the€sideÐ %X $ Ðthat€€it€would€go€against€a€paramount€equity€not€to€allow€piercing€of€the€corporate€veil€by€1òòstóóÐ î%>!% ÐBank,€since€they€violated€their€duties€and€gained€from€it.€€But€B&C€could€argue€the€businessÐ Ô&$"& Ðjudgment€rule€„€that€any€decision€made€in€good€faith€by€directors€will€be€assured€to€be€ok,Ð º' #' Ðthough€may€have€had€consequences.€€They€did€not€have€actual€knowledge€of€the€loan€agreementÐ  (ð#( Ðand€maybe€it€was€ok€for€them€to€rely€on€A€and€the€corporate€attorney€to€advise€them€on€the€loanÐ †)Ö$) Ðagreement.€€They€have€a€good€defense€that€€1.€€They€relied€reasonably€in€signing€the€loanÐ l*¼%* Ðagreement€and€2.€Was€misled€by€A€about€the€dividend,€but€did€try€to€stop€the€dividend€payment.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐBut€I€think€there€was€a€clear€violation€of€their€fiduciary€duties€in€failing€to€further€investigate€AððsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðclaims€about€the€voting,€and€to€discuss€the€dividend€payment€with€the€corporate€accountant€andÐ ° Ðlawyer.€€So€they€maybe€liable€by€piercing€the€corporate€veil€as€it€would€go€against€a€paramountÐ –æ Ðequity€to€allow€them€to€benefit€from€their€failure€to€fulfill€their€fiduciary€duties.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  à1òòstóó€Bank€has€no€good€arguments€against€D€since€D€was€neither€a€director€nor€an€officerÐ H˜ Ðand€had€no€say€in€the€decision.€€Though€D€did€benefit€from€the€dividend€payment,€he€is€only€aÐ . ~ Ðshareholder,€not€usually€liable€for€corporate€debts,€and€no€evidence€shows€that€he€breached€anyÐ  d Ðduty€or€committed€any€fraud.Ð ú J ÐÌà  à1òòstóó€Bankððs€only€theory€against€D€is€piercing€the€corporate€veil€and€€it€is€unlikely€to€work.€Ð Æ   ÐTheir€greatest€chance€of€success€is€with€A,€who€1.€€Got€the€largest€payout,€2.€€Engineered€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðpayout€in€violation€of€the€loan€agreement€òòknowinglyóó,€3.€€Misled€the€other€directors€and€4.€€HadÐ ’â  Ðthe€greatest€responsibility€as€president€and€director.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àThey€have€some€chance€of€success€against€B&C,€who€benefitted€from€violations€of€theirÐ D”  Ðduties,€but€did€not€do€so€knowingly€or€in€bad€faith€as€A€did,€and€were€not€officers€and€didnððtÐ *z  Ðknow€about€day„to„day€operations.Ð ` ÐÐ  öF Ðò òà@’’%ìàQUESTION€7ˆÐ ° ÐÌÌà  àó óBart€owned€a€fifty„five€(55)€acre€cattle€farm€in€Washington€County,€Maryland.€€RunningÐ b² Ðthrough€his€farm,€was€a€stream€known€as€ð ðWagners€Runðð.€€Wagners€Run€in€turn,€after€it€enteredÐ H˜ ÐBartððs€land,€was€fed€by€a€large€underground€limestone€spring.€€For€years,€Bart€and€his€family€hadÐ . ~ Ðraised€cattle€on€their€land,€and€the€livestock€utilized€the€stream.Ð  d ÐÌà  àCharlie€owned€another€tract€about€one€mile€downstream€from€Bart.€€Charlie€had€usedÐ à 0 ÐWagners€run€for€many€years€by€creating€a€dam€on€his€property€and€piping€the€water€from€theÐ Æ   Ðpond€that€was€formed€to€irrigate€his€commercial€Christmas€tree€farm€located€on€an€adjacent€tractÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€land€he€owned€and€not€directly€serviced€by€a€stream.€€Charlie€also€raised€cattle,€which€utilizedÐ ’â  Ðthe€water€on€land€directly€serviced€by€Wagners€Run.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àBart€decided€that€a€vineyard€would€be€a€more€profitable€use€of€his€land€than€cattle,€and€heÐ D”  Ðbuilt€a€pond€and€irrigation€system€on€his€property€by€damming€Wagners€run.€€The€pond€spilloverÐ *z  Ðfollowed€the€old€streambed,€although€at€a€much„reduced€rate€of€flow.€€The€reduced€flow€causedÐ ` Ðgrave€problems€with€Charlieððs€irrigation€system€and€during€periods€of€drought,€the€flow€of€waterÐ öF Ðwas€so€low€that€his€irrigation€system€was€inoperable.€€There€still€was€sufficient€water€forÐ Ü, ÐCharlieððs€cattle.Ð Â ÐÌà  àDavis,€whose€farm€was€also€touched€by€Wagners€Run,€was€on€the€opposite€side€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðstream€from€Charlieððs.€€Davis€raised€llamas€and€the€water€from€Wagners€Run€had€the€desiredÐ tÄ Ðalkaline€quality€to€maintain€these€animals.€€Bart,€however,€decided€to€cap€the€spring€on€his€landÐ Zª Ðto€use€the€water€to€supply€his€house.€€This€changed€the€chemical€makeup€of€the€water€flowingÐ @ Ðdownstream€causing€Davisðð€llamas€to€become€infertile.Ð &v ÐÌà  àò òDo€Charlie€and/or€Davis€have€any€recourse€against€Bart?€€Explain€fully.Ð òB Ðó óÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ¾ ÐÌÓ  ÓòòCharlie€v.€BartÐ Š Ú ÐÌó óóóà  àCharlie€may€have€a€cause€of€action€against€Bart.€€Here,€Wagners€Run€is€utilized€by€bothÐ V"¦! ÐCharlie€and€Bart.€€After€Wagners€Run€enters€Bartððs€land€and€it€also€goes€downstream€and€crossesÐ <#Œ" ÐCharlieððs€land.€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àCharlie€has€been€utilizing€Wagners€Run€for€many€years€by€creating€a€dam€on€his€propertyÐ î%>!% Ðand€piping€the€water€from€the€pond€that€was€formed€to€irrigate€his€property€and€his€commercialÐ Ô&$"& ÐChristmas€tree€farm,€located€on€an€adjacent€tract€of€land€he€owned€and€not€directly€serviced€byÐ º' #' Ðthe€stream.€€Charlie€may€have€a€problem€with€this€because€the€commercial€Christmas€tree€farm€isÐ  (ð#( Ðòònotóó€directly€serviced€by€the€stream.€€However,€Charlie€may€be€successful€in€arguing€that€BartððsÐ †)Ö$) Ðð ðcappingðð€the€spring€on€his€land€will€harm€his€cattle,€which€òòutilizeóó€the€water€which€is€on€landÐ l*¼%* Ðâ âòòdirectly€servicedóó€by€Wagners€Run.€€He€will€have€a€very€difficult€argument€for€the€commercialÐ R+¢&+ ÐChristmas€tree€farm€because€again€that€tract€of€land€is€not€directly€serviced€by€the€stream.€HeÐ ° Ðmay€be€more€successful€on€his€other€argument.Ð –æ Ðâ âÌò òòòDavid€v.€BartÐ b² ÐÌó óóóà  àDavis€will€have€a€valid€argument€because€his€farm€also€is€touched€by€Wagners€Run,€he€isÐ . ~ Ðon€the€opposite€side€of€the€stream€from€Charlieððs.€€Davis€raised€llamas€and€the€water€fromÐ  d ÐWagners€Run€had€the€desired€alkaline€quality€to€maintain€these€animals.€€Davis€will€be€able€toÐ ú J Ðargue€that€Bartððs€ð ðcappingðð€the€spring€on€his€land€to€use€the€water€to€supply€his€house€thusÐ à 0 Ðchanging€the€chemical€makeup€of€the€water€flowing€downstream€and€causing€Davisðð€llamas€toÐ Æ   Ðbecome€infertile.€€Again,€Bart€should€not€be€allowed€to€cap€water€from€Wagners€Run€creatingÐ ¬ ü  Ðproblems€for€his€neighbors€who€also€utilize€the€water€flowing€downstream.€€Land€which€isÐ ’â  Ðdirectly€serviced/utilized€by€the€stream€should€not€be€capped€by€one€person€thereby€not€allowingÐ xÈ  Ðothers€to€have€the€same€benefit€of€the€stream.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àBoth€Charlie€and€Davis€should€ask€for€TRO€or€injunction€since€land€is€unique,€seekingÐ *z  Ðthat€Bart€refrain€from€capping€the€spring€on€his€land€whereby€causing€irreparable€harm€toÐ ` ÐCharlie€and€Davis.Ð öF ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð Â ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àBart€is€a€riparian€land€owner€because€his€property€abuts€a€stream.€€The€stream€is€fed€by€aÐ ŽÞ Ðlarge€underground€limestone€spring€(percolating€waters).Ð tÄ ÐÌò òòòCharlie€v.€BartÐ @ ÐÌó óóóà  àCharlie€would€not€likely€have€a€cause€of€action€against€Bart€with€regard€to€the€ChristmasÐ  \ Ðtree€farm.€€€The€farm€is€located€on€an€adjacent€tract€of€land€and€is€not€directly€serviced€by€theÐ òB Ðstream€(Charlie€created€an€irrigation€system€so€that€the€farm€tract€would€have€access€to€water.€Ð Ø( ÐBart€as€riparian€owner€has€a€right€to€use€(capture)€the€water€in€a€reasonable€manner€as€long€as€hisÐ ¾ Ðuse€is€not€to€the€detriment€of€those€downstream.€€His€use€of€the€water€for€the€vineyard,€althoughÐ ¤ô Ðdisrupting€the€flow€to€the€tree€farm€(commercial€venture),€is€not€actionable.€€In€addition,€CharlieÐ Š Ú Ðstill€has€sufficient€water€for€his€cattle€which€are€presumably€for€domestic€purposes.€€Of€course,Ð p!À  ÐBart€also€may€use€all€the€water€the€he€needs€for€domestic€purposes.Ð V"¦! ÐÌò òòòDavis€v.€BartÐ "$r# ÐÌó óóóà  àDavis€is€also€a€riparian€land€owner.€€Bart€is€the€owner€of€a€large€underground€limestoneÐ î%>!% Ðspring€(percolating€waters)€that€feed€the€stream€that€supplies€Davisðð€water.€€Davis€would€likelyÐ Ô&$"& Ðhave€a€cause€of€action€against€Bart€because€his€cap€on€the€spring€directly€resulted€in€a€change€inÐ º' #' Ðthe€quality€of€the€water€that€flowed€into€the€stream;€although€as€owner€of€percolating€waters,Ð  (ð#( ÐBart€would€argue€that€he€has€a€right€to€use€(capture)€the€water€as€he€saw€fit€ð!ð€particularly€sinceÐ †)Ö$) Ðhe€capped€the€water€for€house€use€(domestic€purpose).Ð  l*¼%* Ðò òà@’’%ìàQUESTION€8ˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àó óAuto€Supplies,€Inc.,€a€Maryland€corporation,€operates€five€retail€auto€supply€stores€inÐ |Ì Ðvarious€locations€in€the€State€of€Maryland.Ð b² ÐÌà  àAuto€Supplies€stocks€batteries€as€part€of€its€inventory.€€Auto€Supplies€placed€an€orderÐ . ~ Ðwith€Batterymaster,€Inc.€to€purchase€1,000€batteries€each€month€at€a€fixed€price€for€12Ð  d Ðconsecutive€months€beginning€May€1,€2002.€€Auto€Supplies€agreed€to€pay€for€each€shipmentÐ ú J Ðwithin€30€days€of€delivery.€€Batterymaster€accepted€the€purchase€order.Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àOn€June€1,€2002,€Batterymaster€delivered€its€first€shipment€of€1,000€batteries€to€AutoÐ ¬ ü  ÐSupplies,€and€invoiced€Auto€Supplies€for€$15,000.€€Batterymaster€had€sufficient€inventory€onÐ ’â  Ðhand€to€fulfill€the€balance€of€the€contract.€€It€is€now€July€15,€2002€and€Auto€Supplies€has€not€paidÐ xÈ  ÐBatterymaster,€nor€responded€to€repeated€payment€requests.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àò òa)à ` àBatterymaster€consults€you,€a€Maryland€attorney.€€Advise€Batterymaster€asÐ *z  Ðto€its€rights€and€remedies€against€Auto€Supplies,€Inc.€€Explain€fully.Ð ` ÐÌà  àb)à ` àWhich€rights€and€remedies€would€you€advise€Batterymaster€to€pursue€at€thisÐ Ü, Ðtime?€€Explain€your€reasons.Ð Â Ðó óÌÌÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð Zª ÐÌÓ  Óó óa)à  àThe€parties€have€entered€into€a€valid€installment€contract€for€goods,€assuming€that€theÐ &v Ðagreement€is€in€writing,€per€the€statute€of€frauds.€€With€an€installment€contract,€the€Seller€mayÐ  \ Ðsue€for€the€price€stated€in€the€contract€for€the€goods€that€have€been€delivered€once€that€priceÐ òB Ðbecomes€due€(ðð€2„709).€€In€addition,€the€Seller€can€demand€assurance€from€the€buyer€that€futureÐ Ø( Ðpayments€will€be€made€seasonably€(ðð€2„609)€if€Seller€has€reasonable€grounds€for€insecurityÐ ¾ Ðabout€Buyersðð€intention€or€ability€to€perform.€€Here,€Auto€Supplies€has€not€paid€the€firstÐ ¤ô Ðinstallment€payment€and€has€not€responded€to€repeated€requests€for€payment.€€Therefore,€itÐ Š Ú Ðwould€be€reasonable€for€Batterymaster€to€be€insecure€as€to€the€likelihood€of€Auto€SuppliesÐ p!À  Ðmaking€payment,€since€ordinary€commercial€standards€would€require€the€Buyer€to€at€leastÐ V"¦! Ðrespond€and€make€some€attempt€to€explain€the€delay€ð ðpaymentðð.€€After€receipt€of€such€a€demandÐ <#Œ" Ðfor€assurance,€Auto€Supplies€must€reply€with€adequate€assurances€within€thirty€days€or€theirÐ "$r# Ðsilence€will€be€deemed€repudiation.€€Ð %X $ ÐÓ  Óò òÌÓ  Óó ób)à  àI€would€recommend€that€Batterymaster€make€such€a€request€for€assurances,€suspendÐ Ô&$"& Ðfurther€shipments€until€receiving€those€assurances,€and€then€if€assurance€is€not€forthcoming€withÐ º' #' Ðthirty€days,€read€the€contract€as€repudiated€and€sue€for€damages.€€òòDamagesóó€due€to€BatterymasterÐ  (ð#( Ðwill€include:€€(1)€payment€for€the€batteries€already€shipped,€(2)€incidental€damages€associatedÐ †)Ö$) Ðwith€the€request€for€assurance,€and€(3)€lost€profits€because€Batterymaster€will€likely€be€able€toÐ l*¼%* Ðresell€the€batteries€subject€to€the€contract€with€Auto€Supplies,€but€will€lose€volume,€and€thusÐ R+¢&+ Ðprofits,€as€the€result€of€the€repudiation€(ðð€2„708).Ð 8,ˆ', ЇÓ  Óò òÖ€:7æÖREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Óó óA.à  àòòRights€and€Remedies€against€Auto€Supplies:Ð |Ì ÐÌóóà  àA€valid€contract€has€been€formed€between€Auto€Supplies€and€Batterymaster€(BM).€€BMÐ H˜ Ðshipped€the€goods€on€June€1€and€Auto€accepted,€thus€triggering€their€duty€to€pay€within€30€daysÐ . ~ Ðof€delivery.€€This€they€failed€to€do.Ð  d ÐÌà  àAs€counsel€for€BM,€I€would€advise€them€that€they€should€sue€Auto€for€the€price€since€Ð à 0 ÐAuto€has€failed€to€tender€payment.Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€BM€would€receive€the€price€of€the€goods€accepted€($15,000)€and€anyÐ ’â  Ðincidental€damages€that€BM€might€suffer€in€connection€with€Autoððs€breach.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àSince€this€is€an€installment€contract,€BM€could€seek€adequate€assurance€that€Auto€willÐ D”  Ðhold€up€their€end€of€the€contract€and€tender€payment€of€the€goods.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àAlso,€if€BM€has€an€unlimited€supply€and€a€limited€demand€for€these€batteries,€they€couldÐ öF Ðbe€a€lost€volume€Seller€and€could€recover€for€the€loss€of€the€sale€to€the€Auto€Supplies€store.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àFinally,€in€general€BM€would€be€correct€in€withholding€the€delivery€of€the€rest€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðgoods€that€they€were€to€deliver€to€Auto€Supplies.€(2„703)Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àBM€would€also€be€entitled€to€identify€the€goods€to€the€contract€under€2„704,€since€he€hasÐ Zª Ðsufficient€inventory€at€his€store.Ð @ ÐÌB.à  àAs€BMððs€attorney,€I€would€advise€them€to€seek€action€for€the€price€of€the€alreadyÐ  \ Ðdelivered€goods.€€I€would€also€advise€them€to€seek€adequate€assurance€that€Auto€Supplies€intendsÐ òB Ðto€fulfil€its€end€of€the€12€month€contract.Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àIf€all€this€fails€and€Auto€Supplies€remains€in€breach,€then€BM€can€sue€for€total€breach€ofÐ ¤ô Ðcontract.Ð Š Ú ÐÌà  àAuto€Supplies€could€argue€that€BM€was€first€at€fault€by€not€supplying€the€batteries€untilÐ V"¦! ÐJune€1€instead€of€May€1€like€the€contract€said.€€However,€by€accepting€the€goods€on€June€1€andÐ <#Œ" Ðstill€not€responding€by€July€15,€BM€can€argue€that€Auto€Supplies€reinstated€the€contract€underÐ "$r# Ð(2„612„(3)).Ð  %X $ Ðò òÖ€>:æÖà@’’%ìàQUESTION€9ˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà  àJim€Smith€was€late€for€a€breakfast€date€with€Sara€Sally,€Jim's€girlfriend.€€He€left€hisÐ |Ì Ðoffice€and€decided€to€take€a€short€cut€through€a€Glenn€Burnie,€Maryland,€residentialÐ b² Ðneighborhood.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAs€he€was€southbound€on€a€residential€street,€he€noticed€a€group€of€elementary€schoolÐ  d Ðchildren€standing€at€a€bus€stop.€€The€bus€stop€was€on€the€east€side€of€the€street€near€the€far€end€ofÐ ú J Ðthe€block.€€Jim€observed€a€school€bus€turn€from€a€street€south€of€the€bus€stop€and€head€towardÐ à 0 Ðhim.€Ð Æ   ÐÌà  àAt€the€same€time,€Rita€Jones,€age€8,€darted€from€the€front€steps€of€her€home€on€the€westÐ ’â  Ðside€of€the€street€and€into€the€southbound€lane€of€traffic,€waving€toward€the€bus€and€not€payingÐ xÈ  Ðattention€to€the€other€traffic€on€the€street.Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àAt€the€time,€Jim€was€using€his€cell€phone€to€speak€with€Cecil,€a€client€of€his€employer,Ð *z  Ðand€not€paying€close€attention€to€his€driving.€€He€was€driving€about€40€miles€per€hour,€exceedingÐ ` Ðthe€posted€speed€limit€of€15€miles€per€hour€during€school€hours,€in€his€haste€to€meet€Sara€Sally.ò òó óÐ öF ÐÌÖ€>æÖà  àWhen€Jim€noticed€Rita,€he€was€about€20€feet€away€from€her.€€He€applied€his€brakes,€butÐ Â Ðwas€unable€to€stop€before€striking€her,€and€she€was€fatally€injured.€€Naturally,€Rita's€parents€wereÐ ¨ø Ðvery€upset.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àAt€the€time€of€the€accident,€Jim€was€driving€a€company€car€provided€for€his€use€by€hisÐ Zª Ðemployer.€€However,€his€employer€was€unaware€that€Jim's€license€had€been€suspended€for€6Ð @ Ðmonths.Ð &v ÐÌà  àò òWhat€causes€of€action€can€be€filed?€€Against€whom?€€What€defenses€would€youÐ òB Ðexpect€to€be€raised?€€Discuss€fully.Ð Ø( ÐÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ¤ô ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àRita's€parents€could€file€wrongful€death€action€against€Jim€&€his€employer€vicariouslyÐ p!À  Ðand€negligent€entrustment€cause€of€action€against€Jim's€employer.Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòWrongful€Death€Action€Against€JimÐ "$r# Ðóóà  àJim€had€a€duty€to€drive€safely€on€the€public€roads€and€use€care€of€an€ordinary€prudentÐ %X $ Ðperson.€€Jim€breached€that€duty€where€he€drove€his€car€at€40€mph€in€a€15€mph€zone€in€aÐ î%>!% Ðresidential€neighborhood€in€the€morning€and€an€apparent€school€day€and€was€engaged€in€aÐ Ô&$"& Ðcellular€phone€conversation.€€Jim's€breach€was€the€actual€proximate€cause€of€Rita's€death,€asÐ º' #' ÐJim's€car€struck€Rita€who€darted€in€the€street,€and€resulted€in€fatal€injuries.€€Moreover,€Rita'sÐ  (ð#( Ðparents€have€suffered€severe€damages€as€a€result€of€Jim's€conduct,€namely€the€loss€and€servicesÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€their€daughter€and€their€pain€and€suffering.Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÖ€@æÖÐ R+¢&+ ÐÖ€?@æÖà  àJim€would€likely€raise€as€a€defense€Rita's€contributory€negligence.€€In€MD,€a€child'sÐ ° Ðâ âstandard€of€care€is€based€on€a€similar€child€of€like€age,€education,€health€and€experience.€€ItÐ –æ Ðwould€likely€be€found€that€Rita's€conduct€on€that€morning,€waiting€for€the€bus€with€other€schoolÐ |Ì Ðchildren,€would€not€rise€to€unreasonable€conduct€and€thus€not€contributory€negligence.Ð b² ÐEven€if€a€court€were€to€deem€Rita's€conduct€as€unreasonable,€Rita's€parents€could€likely€showÐ H˜ Ðthat€Jim€had€the€last€clear€chance€to€avoid€the€accident€since€he€saw€Rita€20€feet€away€and€couldÐ . ~ Ðhave€avoided€the€accident€prior€to€this€had€he€not€been€engaged€in€the€phone€conversation€andÐ  d Ðpreoccupied€by€his€lateness€for€lunch.Ð ú J ÐÌòòParents€v.€Employeróó€(Wrongful€Death)Ð Æ   Ðà  àParents€could€assert€same€cause€of€action€against€Jim's€employer€because€he€was€drivingÐ ¬ ü  Ðhis€employer's€car€under€vicarious€liability.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àThe€employer€would€raise€the€same€contributory€negligence€defense€as€could€Jim,€as€wellÐ ^®  Ðas€no€liability€because€Jim's€conduct€was€beyond€the€scope€of€employment.€€The€employer€couldÐ D”  Ðargue€that€Jim€was€on€a€frolic€or€a€substantial€deviation€from€work€at€the€time€of€the€fatal€injuryÐ *z  Ðand€thus€removes€the€employer€from€vicarious€liability.Ð ` ÐÌà  àParents€could€counter€employer's€argument€by€raising€argument€that€in€MD€where€anÐ Ü, Ðemployer€requires€an€employee€to€drive€car€to€work€and€use€it€during€the€course€of€the€day,€theÐ Â Ðemployer€may€be€liable€for€injuries€that€occur€while€employee€is€driving€to€and€from€work.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àEmployer€would€counter€argue€that€Jim€was€not€on€his€way€home,€but€was€going€to€meetÐ tÄ ÐSara€and€thus€removes€the€employer's€liability.Ð Zª ÐÌòòParents€v.€Employeróó€(Negligent€Entrustment)Ð &v Ðà  àParents€could€also€raise€a€cause€of€action€for€negligent€entrustment€against€the€employerÐ  \ Ðfor€permitting€Jim€to€drive€the€company€car€with€a€suspended€license.€€This€cause€of€action€is€notÐ òB Ðunder€vicarious€liability€theory€but€seeks€to€hold€the€employer€liable€for€his€own€negligence.€Ð Ø( ЀÌà  àThe€employer€has€a€duty€to€hire€and€entrust€persons€who€are€properly€licensed€to€driveÐ ¤ô Ðtheir€vehicles.€€The€employer€breached€this€duty€by€allowing€Jim€to€drive€the€car€for€six€monthsÐ Š Ú Ðwithout€a€valid€license.€€This€breach€was€an€actual€cause€and€proximate€cause€to€Rita's€death€andÐ p!À  Ðher€parents'€damages.Ð V"¦! ÐÌÓ  Óà@..àEmployer€would€likely€counter€argue€that€Jim's€negligence€was€a€superceding€cause€and€that€JimÐ "$r# Ðwould€have€been€negligent€even€if€he€had€not€been€driving€the€company€car.Ð %X $ ÐÌÌÌò òÔ& ˜ ÔREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÓ  Óó óClaims€can€be€filed€against€Jim€and€his€employer€for€negligence€(wrongful€death).Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÔ'˜ (bZÔÐ R+¢&+ Ðà  àJim:€€The€tort€of€òònegligenceóó€requires€Rita's€parents€for€Rita€and€themselves,€wrongfulÐ ° Ðâ âdeath€ð!ð€to€establish€a€duty€of€Jim,€his€òòbreachóó,€òòcausationóó€and€òòdamagesóó.€€Driving€a€car,€Jim€had€aÐ –æ Ðduty€to€act€as€a€òòreasonable€personóó.€€He€breached€this€by€chatting€on€the€òòphoneóó€while€driving,Ð |Ì Ðdistractedly€thinking€of€Sally,€and€driving€far€in€excess€of€the€speed€limit€even€after€òòhe€noticedÐ b² Ðthe€bus€and€bus€stopóó.€€The€speeding€is€not€negligence€òòper€seóó,€but€as€a€statutory€is€òòevidence€ofÐ H˜ Ðnegligenceóó€ð!ð€hitting€children€is€prevented€by€following€the€law.€€Obviously,€the€car€striking€RitaÐ . ~ Ðòòcaused€her€deathóó.Ð  d ÐÌà  àEmployer:€€Jim's€employer€is€liable€for€Jim's€tort€if€he€was€in€the€òòscope€of€employmentóóÐ à 0 Ðwhen€driving.€€He€was€in€a€company€car€and€talking€with€a€client€(Cecil)€to€further€the€purposesÐ Æ   Ðof€the€employer,€so€although€he€was€on€the€way€to€a€personal€lunch€on€a€shortcut€it€was€not€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðfrolic€but€part€of€his€job.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àJim's€employer€is€negligent€for€òòentrustingóó€the€car€to€Jim.€€A€òòreasonableóó€employer€wouldÐ ^®  Ðhave€known€about€the€òòlicense€suspensionóó€by€investigating.€€The€duty€was€breached€by€givingÐ D”  Ðhim€the€license.€€The€employer€may€argue€that€this€negligence€was€not€the€òòproximate€causeóó€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€injury,€but€bad€driving€is€a€òòforeseeableóó€type€of€damage€from€negligent€entrustment€of€theÐ ` Ðvehicle.€€If€Rita's€parents€recovers€from€the€employer€it€may€seek€indemnification€from€Jim.Ð öF Ðà  àÌà  àDefenses:€€Jim€and€Jim's€employer€will€assert€that€Rita€was€òòcontributory€negligentóó€andÐ Â Ðrecovery€should€be€banned.€€They€will€probably€not€succeed€because€òòrunning€to€catch€a€schoolÐ ¨ø Ðbus€in€a€15€mph€zone€óóis€not€negligence€for€a€òòreasonable€8€year€óóold.€€Also,€Jim€was€beingÐ ŽÞ Ðnegligent€when€Rita€dashed€into€the€street€ð!ð€he€had€the€òòlast€clear€chanceóó€to€notice€her€before€onlyÐ tÄ Ð20€feet€away€and€to€properly€brake.€à h àRita€also€will€not€be€banned€from€recovery€because€ofÐ Zª Ðòòassumption€of€riskóó.€€She€did€not€see€Jim's€car,€nor€should€she€be€expected€to€notice€a€speedingÐ @ Ðcar€in€the€school€zone.€€There€was€no€voluntary€knowing€assumption€of€risk€that€might€barÐ &v Ðrecovery.Ð  \ Ðà  àÌà  àAlthough€parents€are€òòforeseeablyóó€emotionally€affected€they€are€not€in€the€zone€of€dangerÐ Ø( Ðfor€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.Ð ¾ ÐÐ  ¤ô Ðò òÔ‡Xw§XXXw§Ôà@``%ìàQUESTION€10ˆÐ ° Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àTom€and€Jeri,€both€graduates€of€the€University€of€Maryland,€married€in€1997.€TheyÐ |Ì Ðpurchased€a€waterfront€home€in€Talbot€County,€Maryland.€€Jeri€worked€as€a€social€worker€forÐ b² Ðless€than€one€year€until€she€became€pregnant€with€the€couple's€only€child.€€The€couple€agreedÐ H˜ Ðthat€Jeri€would€stay€home€and€care€for€their€daughter.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àIn€October€of€1998,€Tom€started€his€own€company,€Megabucks,€Inc.€€During€the€first€twoÐ ú J Ðyears,€the€company's€revenues€did€not€meet€Tom's€expectations€or€allow€him€to€pay€the€family'sÐ à 0 Ðbills.€€He€began€to€drink€heavily€and,€as€a€result,€verbally€abused€Jeri€on€a€regular€basis.€€TomÐ Æ   Ðrefused€to€have€sexual€relations€with€her.€€They€have€not€been€intimate€since€June€of€2001.€€TomÐ ¬ ü  Ðrefused€to€attend€counseling€and€spent€most€of€his€time€away€from€home.Ð ’â  ÐÌSuspicious€that€Tom€was€having€an€affair,€Jeri€followed€him€from€work€on€June€13,€2002.€€HeÐ ^®  Ðwent€to€the€home€of€Roxanne€Roadrunner,€his€secretary,€where€he€remained€until€4:00€a.m.€€JeriÐ D”  Ðdemanded€that€Tom€move€out€of€the€marital€home.€€He€refused€to€move€out.€Since€she€couldn'tÐ *z  Ðtake€it€anymore,€Jeri€took€their€daughter€and€fled€to€her€parent's€home€in€northern€Virginia€theÐ ` Ðnext€day.€€She€decided€that,€if€Tom€would€not€leave€the€marital€home,€she€would€live€in€VirginiaÐ öF Ðand€start€a€new€life.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àMegabucks€has€done€well€during€the€past€year,€allowing€Tom€to€receive€a€salary€ofÐ ¨ø Ð$25,000€per€month.€€He€has€not€offered€Jeri€any€money€toward€her€support€or€the€support€of€theÐ ŽÞ Ðchild.€€All€of€their€assets,€with€the€exception€of€the€Megabucks€stock,€are€jointly€titled.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðmegabucks€stock€is€titled€solely€in€Tom's€name.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àJeri€has€decided€that€their€marriage€is€not€salvageable.€€She€comes€to€your€office€toÐ &v Ðdiscuss€their€domestic€situation.€€She€wants€to€know€her€rights€in€obtaining€a€divorce€and€relatedÐ  \ Ðrelief€in€Maryland.Ð òB ÐÌà  àò òYou€are€a€Maryland€attorney.€€What€advice€would€you€give€her?€€Discuss€fully.ó óÐ ¾ ÐÓ  Óò òòòÌÓ€ÓóóREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð Š Ú ÐÓ  Óó óMaryland€has€jurisdiction€because€T€is€a€resident.Ð ã!3! ÐÓ€ÓòòJeri's€Divorce:Ð <#Œ# ÐóóÌà  àI€will€tell€J€that€òòshe€has€several€optionsóó€available€to€her:Ð %X % ÐÌABSOLUTE€DIVORCE:Ð Ô&$"' ÐÌà  àà ` à(a)à ¸ àòòFault€Basedóó:€€J€can€obtain€a€fault€based€absolute€divorce€from€T€on€theÐ  (ð#) Ðgrounds€of€òòcrueltyóó€(verbal€abuse,€no€sex)€and/or€òòadulteryóó.€€There€is€sufficient€evidence€toÐ †)Ö$* Ðestablish€both€grounds:€T€verbally€abuses€J,€has€strayed€away€from€home€and€J€saw€him€enteringÐ l*¼%+ Ðanother€woman's€home,€only€to€come€out€early€the€next€morning.€€T€had€the€opportunity€andÐ R+¢&, Ðpredisposition€to€commit€adultery€(€a€criminal€offense€in€Maryland€carrying€a€$10.00€fine).Ð 8,ˆ'- Їà  àà ` à(b)à ¸ àòòNo€Faultóó:€€J€may€also€try€to€obtain€a€no„fault€divorce.€€If€she€believes€theÐ ° Ðmarriage€cannot€be€saved,€and€T€wants€to€separate€as€well,€they€must€live€apart€for€1€year€(i.e.€noÐ –æ Ðsex).€€If€T€does€òònotóó€want€a€divorce,€they€must€remain€separated€for€2€years.€€The€advantages€to€aÐ |Ì Ðno€fault€divorce€are€primarily€financial€and€emotional€=€less€confrontation,€less€money€becauseÐ b² Ðno€litigation,€etc.Ð H˜ ÐÌLIMITED€DIVORCE:Ð  d ÐÌà  àI€will€also€tell€J€about€the€limited€divorce€(i.e.€legal€separation)€available€to€her,€however,Ð à 0 Ðshe€will€probably€not€want€it€because€she€says€her€marriage€is€not€salvageable.€€A€limitedÐ Æ   Ðdivorce€is€good€for€people€who,€for€religious€reasons€(or€whatever)€do€not€want€divorce.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐProblem€is,€though,€that€you€remain€legally€married€and€cannot€remarry.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€above,€I€would€advocate€either€a€fault€based€divorce€(because€of€T's€abuseÐ ^®  Ðand€adultery)€or€a€no€fault€based€divorce€with€1€year€separation.Ð D”  ÐÌPROPERTYÐ ` ÐÌà  àHere€J€would€be€entitled€to€ðð€the€value€of€the€marital€property:€i.e.€the€Talbot€Co.€home,Ð Ü, Ðall€other€assets€and€probably€even€Megabucks€stock€because€it€was€acquired€during€the€marriageÐ Â Ð(even€though€itððs€in€T's€name).€€Even€thought€Tom€refused€to€move€out,€J€is€entitled€in€MD€toÐ ¨ø Ðhave€òò3€year€possessionóó€of€the€home€after€divorce€to€ease€the€transition€into€working€and€becauseÐ ŽÞ Ðof€their€only€child.€€J€would€be€able€to€get€a€court€order€granting€her€3€year€possession€of€theÐ tÄ Ðhouse.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àJ€could€also€probably€receive€alimony€Pendente€Lite€during€their€separation€w/temporaryÐ &v Ðalimony€awarded€upon€divorce,€for€her€to€receive€until€she€is€financially€able€to€support€herselfÐ  \ Ð(rehabilitative€alimony).€€Facts€indicate€that€she€only€worked€1€year€until€she€had€her€child€(i.e.Ð òB Ðno€skills)€and€T€makes€quite€a€lot€of€$€now€to€maintain€them€(J€and€her€daughter)€in€their€currentÐ Ø( Ðstatus.Ð ¾ ÐÌCHILD€SUPPORT/CUSTODYÐ Š Ú ÐÌà  àJ€will€receive€child€support€payments€Pendente€Lite€and€then€child€support€payments€forÐ V"¦! Ðher€daughter€until€18.€€J€will€receive€an€amount€for€her€daughter€based€on€the€income€of€TÐ <#Œ" Ð(because€J€is€not€working).€€J€will€also€likely€receive€custody€of€their€daughter.€€Although€not€aÐ "$r# Ðdefault€decision,€courts€usually€award€custody€to€the€primary€care€giver,€here,€that€is€J.€€FactsÐ %X $ Ðshow€she€stayed€home€to€take€care€of€their€daughter.€€In€determining€these€2€issues,€the€courtÐ î%>!% Ðwill€use€the€best€interests€of€the€child€standard,€looking€at€such€factors€as:€the€age€of€the€child,Ð Ô&$"& Ðthe€child's€wishes€and€what€the€parents€want€and€can€provide.Ð º' #' ÐÌà  àBased€on€the€above€I€would€tell€J€that€she€has€a€right€to€receive€$€for€herself€and€herÐ †)Ö$) Ðdaughter,€use€of€the€marital€home€for€3€years€and€custody€should€she€decide€to€file€for€divorce.€€IÐ l*¼%* Ðwill€tell€her€that€there€are€no€guarantees€but€these€are€her€rights€according€to€MD€law.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÓ  Óò òÔ& ˜ ÔREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Óó óAlthough€it€looks€like€Jeri€wants€an€absolute€divorce,€I€would€counsel€her€also€on€limitedÐ |Ì Ðdivorce.Ô'˜°f‚ÔÐ b² ÐÌÓ‡ ;+++++++++(ÿÿ83-ÓÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÓK.ÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#KÓÔ#†Xw§XXXw§Áf#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿσÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àË„#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòòòAbsolute€divorce݃+ÿÿσê„݌Р. ~ ÐŒÓ ,ÓÓ$ ÜÜŒXÜÜ‹X(#$ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝóóóóÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓN1Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#NÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅT…#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ†ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à‡#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòòòFault݃+ÿÿ†4‡ÝŒÐ ' w ÐŒÓ XÓÓ' ÜÜŒXÜ‹X(#'ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝóóóóÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓQ4Ü` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#QÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅž‡#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿJˆÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àZ‰#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòAdulteryóó:€€If€Tom€is€having€an€affair,€Jeri€can€claim€adultery€by€showing€opportunityÐ  p Ðand€disposition€as€well€as€corroborating€her€testimony.€€This€looks€like€her€strongestÐ  i Ðgrounds.òò݃+ÿÿJˆy‰ÝŒÐ  X  ÐŒÓ XÓÓ0 ÜÜŒXÜ` ‚,ˆX(#0ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝóóÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓQ4Ü` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#QÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅã‰#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿp‹ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à€Œ#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòCrueltyóó:€Jeri€can€claim€the€verbal€abuse€on€a€regular€basis€is€adequate€grounds.€€This€isÐ ÷ G  Ða€weaker€argument€because€it€is€not€physical€violence€nor€severe.òò݃+ÿÿp‹ŸŒÝŒÐ ð@  ÐŒÓ XÓÓ0 ÜÜŒXÜ` ‚,ˆX(#0ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝóóÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓE1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXEÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓQ4Ü` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#QÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅ #ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿhŽÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àx#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòDesertionóó:€Jeri€can€claim€Tom's€spending€most€of€his€time€away€from€home€constitutesÐ ß/  Ðdesertion.€€However,€since€Tom€refused€to€move€out,€there€is€some€indication€that€heÐ Ø(  Ðhas€not€broken€completely€from€the€marriage.òò݃+ÿÿhŽ—ÝŒÐ Ç  ÐŒÓ XÓÓ0 ÜÜŒXÜ` ‚,ˆX(#0ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÓB.°°` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜŒXBÓÌØ! !ØóóÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓQ1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ‚,ˆX(#QÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓN1Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#NÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅ#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ’ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à,“#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòNO€FAULTóó:òò݃+ÿÿ’K“݌Р¥õ ÐŒÓ XÓÓ3°°` ‚,ˆX(#Ü‹X(#3ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝóóÓN.°°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ‚,ˆX(#NÓà ` àòòSeparationóó:€€Although€they€have€had€no€sex€since€June,€2001,€they€were€notÐ žî Ðentirely€separated€nor€was€the€marriage€irrevocably€broken.Ð Ý Ðà ` àÌÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓN1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°°` ŠX(#NÓÝ  ÝÓK.ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#KÓÔ#†Xw§XX*Xŵ“#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ•ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à’–#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòLIMITED€DIVORCEóó:€Ýƒ+ÿÿ•±–݌Рk» ÐŒÓ ,ÓÓ0°°°` ŠX(#ÜÜÜ` ŠX(#0ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÓK.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°°` ŠX(#KÓà  àà ` àòòCrueltyóó:€€Same€grounds€as€absolute.Ð d´ Ðà  àà ` àòòNo€Faultóó:€€There€is€no€indication€of€a€mutual€agreement€to€separate.Ð S£ ÐÌÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓH1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°ŒX(#HÓÝ  ÝÓK.ÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#KÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅ—#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿï˜ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àî™#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòALIMONYóó:€€Ýƒ+ÿÿï˜ šÝŒÐ 1 ÐŒÓ ,ÓÓ' °°ŒX(#ÜÜ‹X(#'ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÓB+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°ŒX(#BÓà ` àòòPendente€Liteóó€(PL):€€Jeri€is€entitled€to€PL€during€the€divorce€based€on€her€need,Ð *z ÐTom's€ability€to€pay,€and€a€desire€to€maintain€the€status€quo.€€Tom€clearly€has€the€ability€toÐ i Ðpay€and€Jeri€is€not€working.Ð X ÐÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓK1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ŠX(#KÓÝ  ÝÓ X,ÓÓQ4Ü` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#QÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅwš#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ€œÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà  àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à–#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòRehabilitative€(R)€or€Permanent€(P)óó:€€Jeri€is€entitled€to€R€in€order€to€further€job€à Ð àÐ ÷G Ðtraining€or€look€for€work.€€Courts€are€loathe€to€give€P€unless€there€is€evidence€sheÐ ð@ Ðcannot€be€self„sufficient€and€there€isn't€in€this€case.݃+ÿÿ€œµÝŒÐ ß / ÐŒÓ XÓÓ6°°` ŠX(#Ü` ‚,ˆX(#6ÓÓ ÔþÓÝ  ÝÓH.°°` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ŠX(#HÓÌÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓQ1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ‚,ˆX(#QÓÝ  ÝÓ ¨ýÔþÓÓ X,ÓÓQ4Ü` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#QÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅž#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ- ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àW¡#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòASSETSóó:݃+ÿÿ- v¡ÝŒÐ ½"   ÐŒÓ XÓÓ<°°` ‚,ˆX(#Ü` ‚,ˆX(#<ÓÓ ¨ýÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓÓQ1` Œ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ‚,ˆX(#QÓà0 ` àà  àà ` àÔ_ÔJeriÔ_Ô€is€entitled€to€her€fair€share€of€the€marital€assets,€including€Tom's€salary€à‘(#(#K(#àˆÐ ¶#! Ðà Œ àduring€marriage€based€on€non„economic€contributions,€like€caring€for€theÐ ¥$õ" Ðkids;€the€reasons€for€divorce,€and€other€economic€investments€during€marriage.Д%ä #` (#` (# ÐÌØ! !ØÓ6ÏÜ‹X(#` ‚,ˆX(#6ÓÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,XÓÓN1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÏÜ‹X(#NÓÝ  ÝÓ0ÏÜ‹X(#ÜÜÜ‹X(#0ÓÓ ¨ýÔþÓÓ X,ÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅà¡#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿç¤ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àí¥#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòHOMEóó:€Ýƒ+ÿÿç¤ ¦ÝŒÐ r'Â"% ÐŒÓ XXÓÓ0ÏÜ‹X(#ÏÜ‹X(#0ÓÓ ¨ýÓÝ  ÝÓ ¨ýÓÓK.½` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÏÜ‹X(#KÓà ½ àà  àà ` àJeri€can€gain€possession€of€the€home€for€up€to€3€years,€if€she€gets€her€daughter,Ð k(»#& Ðit€becomes€held€as€Tenants€in€Common€at€divorce.à p àÐ Z)ª$' Ðâ âÓ ¨ýÓÓ XÓÓE+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#½‹X(#EÓÐ I*™%( ÐÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓK1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ŠX(#KÓÝ  ÝÓ |üÔþÓÓ „,ÓÓN14Ü4` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#NÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅv¦#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿÚ¨ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3àû©#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòÔ& Æ Ôâ âCUSTODYóó:݃+ÿÿÚ¨ªÝŒÐ ° ÐŒÓ „ÓÓ-°°` ŠX(#4܃,¸ ‰X(#-ÓÓ |üÓÝ  Ýà ` àCustody€is€based€on€the€best€interests€of€the€child.€€The€court€will€look€at€theÐ ©ù Ðchild's€and€parent's€desires;€who€the€primary€care€giver€is,€and€if€adultery€would€have€aÐ ˜è Ðdetrimental€effect.€€Tom€will€gain€visitation€rights.Ô'ư¦ªÔÐ ‡× ÐÌÝ"‚+ÿÿ"ÝÓ ÔþÓÓ ,ÓÓK1ÜÜÜ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ŠX(#KÓÝ  ÝÓ |üÔþÓÓ „,ÓÓN14Ü4` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#ÜÜÜ‹X(#NÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅ„ª#ÔÔ‡,X3àXXXw§ÔÝ‚+ÿÿ†¬ÝÔ2ÿÿÔð· ðÔ3  Ôà Ü àÝ  ÝÔ#†Xw§XX,X3à§­#ÔÔ‡*XÅXXXw§ÔòòCHILD€SUPPORTóó:݃+ÿÿ†¬Æ­ÝŒÐ e µ ÐŒÓ „ÓÓ-°°` ŠX(#4܃,¸ ‰X(#-ÓÓ |üÓÝ  ÝÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°` ŠX(#HÓà  àà ` àJeri€and€Tom€will€pay€based€on€the€income€shares€method€or€by€court€discretionÐ ^ ® Ðà  àà ` àif€Tom's€income€is€more€than€$120,000.Ð M  ÐÓ…† -(#38;+++++++++Nƒ…ÓÔ#†Xw§XX*XÅ0®#ÔÐ  < Œ Ðò òÑ€<OaÑÑ€=?cÑà@``%ìàQUESTION€11ó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÓ XÓDudleyððs€Dance€Studio€(ð ðStudioðð)€is€owned€and€operated€by€Dudley.€€It€has€locations€inÐ |Ì ÐMontgomery€and€Howard€Counties,€Maryland.€In€January€2001,€Dudley€hired€Newman€as€anÐ b² Ðemployee,€and€told€Newman€that€he€had€a€permanent€back€injury€so€he€could€no€longer€teachÐ H˜ Ðany€classes.€€Newman€and€Dudley€signed€the€Studio's€standard€employment€agreement€Ð . ~ Ð(ð ðAgreementðð).€€The€Agreement€provided€that€the€Studio€would€pay€Newman€a€commission€ofÐ  d Ð10%€of€the€price€€(ð ðCommissionðð)€of€each€dance€lesson€for€which€new€students€register€and€pay.Ð ú J ÐÐ à 0 ÐTwo€months€after€he€started€working€at€the€Studio,€Newman€approached€Betty€at€theÐ Æ   ÐRockville€post€office€and€encouraged€her€to€take€swing€dance€lessons€from€Dudley,€a€prominentÐ ¬ ü  Ðdance€instructor.€€He€told€Betty€that€Dudley€would€have€her€on€the€dance€floor€looking€like€aÐ ’â  Ðprofessional€by€the€time€of€her€wedding€in€June€2003.€€Newman€told€Betty€that€each€lessonÐ xÈ  Ðwould€cost€$30,€so€Betty€gave€Newman€a€check€for€$300€to€partially€pay€for€48€lessons.€TheÐ ^®  Ðbalance€due€for€the€48€lessons€was€$1,140.€€Betty€was€told€by€Newman€that€the€lessons€could€beÐ D”  Ðtaken€no€more€frequently€than€twice€per€month€over€the€next€two€years.€Further,€Newman€toldÐ *z  Ðher€that€she€would€have€two€free€lessons€to€try€out€the€Studio€before€her€lessons€started€and€thatÐ ` ÐDudley€would€not€be€at€those€two€lessons€because€he€was€on€vacation.€€Ð öF ÐÐ Ü, ÐAt€the€end€of€the€third€class,€Betty€asked€Newman€when€Dudley€would€begin€teachingÐ Â Ðthe€classes.€€Newman€informed€Betty€that€Dudley€no€longer€taught€dance€classes€because€he€hasÐ ¨ø Ða€permanent€back€injury.€€Betty€told€Newman€that€if€Dudley€wasnððt€coming€to€class,€then€neitherÐ ŽÞ Ðwas€she.€Betty€demanded€her€money€back.Ð tÄ ЀÌDudley€claimed€he€should€be€paid€the€remaining€balance€due€for€Bettyððs€lessons€becauseÐ @ Ðhe€turned€away€other€interested€students€to€accommodate€Betty.€Newman€demanded€that€DudleyÐ &v Ðpay€him€the€Commission€due€on€Bettyððs€48€lessons.€€Dudley€countered€that€Newman€shouldÐ  \ Ðreimburse€him€for€any€losses€he€sustained€as€a€result€of€Bettyððs€demand€for€a€return€of€herÐ òB Ðpayments€and€her€unwillingness€to€continue€her€dance€instruction€at€the€Studio.Ð Ø( ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XXÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿu»ÝÝ  Ý݃ ÿÿu»ž»ÝŒÐ ¾ ÐŒÓ XXÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝÓ XXÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿ¼ÝÝ  Ýò ò€Discuss€the€claims€that€could€be€filed€by€and€evaluate€the€likelihood€of€success€ofÐ ¤ô Ðeach€of€the€following:€(a)€Betty€v.€Dudley;€(b)€Dudley€v.€Betty;€(c)€Dudley€v.€Newman;€and€Ýƒ ÿÿ¼-¼ÝŒÐ Š Ú ÐŒÓ XXÓÝ  ÝÓ XÓ(d)€Newman€v.€Dudley.€€Include€in€your€analysis€any€defenses€to€the€claims€that€might€beÐ p!À  Ðraised€by€the€parties.ó óÐ V"¦! ÐÓ  ÓÔ& ² Ôò òÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð "$r# ÐÓ  Óó óòòÔ'²<#¾ÔÌóóA)à  àòòBetty€v.€DudleyÐ î%>!% ÐÌóóà  àBetty€will€argue€that€Newman,€an€agent€of€Dudley,€fraudulently€misrepresented€thatÐ º' #' ÐDudley€would€conduct€her€dance€lessons.€€To€prove€fraudulent€or€negligent€misrepresentations,Ð  (ð#( ÐBetty€must€show€that€that€fact€was€material€and€relied€upon.€€Because€Newman€used€DudleyððsÐ †)Ö$) Ðreputation€as€a€ð ðprominent€dance€instructorðð€when€he€knew€that€he€was€injured€indicates€that€theÐ l*¼%* Ðmisrepresentation€was€material.€€Whether€Betty€relied€upon€that€statement€would€be€a€questionÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€fact.€€Betty€would€then€argue€that€because€Newman€was€acting€within€the€scope€of€hisÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÑ<Oa!Ñâ <âѰ°Ñâ <âÑ  Ñemployment,€Dudley€is€liable€for€the€acts€of€his€employee.€€It€should€be€noted€that€Betty€wouldÐ ° Ðbe€entitled€to€damages€and€not€specific€enforcement€(a€court€would€not€force€Dudley€to€dance!).Ð –æ ÐÌB)à  àòòDudley€v.€BettyÐ b² ÐóóÌà  àDudley€may€seek€to€enforce€the€agreement€made€by€his€agent€on€behalf€of€Dudley€withÐ . ~ ÐBetty.€€Dudley€will€show€that€Newman€gave€Betty€an€offer€which€she€accepted€and€considerationÐ  d Ðwas€given€($300).€€However,€Betty€will€argue€that€because€there€is€no€writing€of€the€agreement,Ð ú J Ðno€contract€is€enforceable€against€her.€€When€performance€of€a€contract€takes€more€than€oneÐ à 0 Ðyear,€the€statute€of€frauds€requires€that€a€writing€be€made€and€be€signed€by€the€party€to€beÐ Æ   Ðcharged.€€Here€we€have€no€such€agreement.€€Because€the€contract€could€only€be€performed€in€2Ð ¬ ü  Ðyears,€Betty€has€a€good€statue€of€frauds€defense.Ð ’â  ÐÌC.à  àòòDudley€v.€NewmanÐ ^®  ÐóóÌà  àDudley€will€make€a€claim€that€Newman€should€indemnify€him€for€any€loss€he€sustained.€Ð *z  ÐThis€appears€to€be€a€strong€claim€given€that€Dudley€appears€not€to€have€made€any€fraudulentÐ ` Ðstatements€to€Betty.Ð öF ÐÌD.à  àòòNewman€v.€DudleyÐ Â ÐóóÌà  àIt€appears€that€Newman€is€trying€to€enforce€the€ð ðAgreementðð€between€himself€andÐ ŽÞ ÐDudley€when€he€began€work.€€However,€the€Agreement€requires€payment€of€the€10%Ð tÄ Ðcommission€for€each€dance€lesson€a€new€student€ð ðregisters€òòandóó€pays.ðð€€Because€Betty€has€onlyÐ Zª Ðpaid€for€10€lessons€($300),€Newman€may€have€been€only€entitled€to€$30.€€Payment€for€theÐ @ Ðlessons€by€the€student€appears€to€be€a€condition€to€Newmanððs€receipt€of€a€commission.€Ð &v ÐHowever,€Newman€will€recover€nothing€due€to€his€conduct.Ð  \ ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ& ü Ôò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð Ø( ÐÓ  Óó óòòÌBetty€v.€DudleyÐ ¤ô ÐÌÓ XÓóóBetty€can€sue€Dudley€for€the€return€of€her€$300€and€rescission€of€the€contract€on€the€basisÐ p!À  Ðof€Newmanððs€fraud€and€Dudleyððs€vicarious€liability€for€Newman.€€She€would€not€have€agreed€toÐ V"¦! Ðpay€the€money€if€she€had€known€that€Dudley€would€not€teach,€she€reasonably€relied€onÐ <#Œ" ÐNewmanððs€statements€that€she€would€be€taught€by€Dudley,€and€she€suffered€damages€in€the€formÐ "$r# Ðof€the€$300€deposit.€Ð %X $ ÐÓ XÓÔ'üØÅÉÔÌà  àDudley€will€argue€that€he€is€not€liable€for€Newmanððs€fraud€because€Newman€was€actingÐ Ô&$"& Ðoutside€the€scope€of€his€employment€when€he€did€so.€€Dudley€expressly€told€Newman€that€heÐ º' #' Ðcould€no€longer€teach,€and€by€telling€Betty€otherwise,€Newman€committed€an€intentional€tort€forÐ  (ð#( Ðwhich€employers€are€not€ordinarily€liable.€€However,€this€tort€was€committed€with€the€purpose€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðadvancing€the€studio€by€enlarging€its€membership,€thus€Dudley€will€be€held€vicariously€liable.Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ ÐÑ=?c"Ñâ =âÑÀ°Ñâ =âÑ  Ñà  àBetty€may€also€sue€for€damages€suffered€if€she€is€not€able€to€learn€to€dance€in€time€forÐ ° Ðâ âher€wedding.€€This€is€not€as€good€a€claim€because€the€damages€are€ill€defined€and€perhapsÐ –æ Ðnonexistent.Ð |Ì ÐÌòòDudley€v.€BettyÐ H˜ ÐóóÌÓ XÓDudley€can€sue€Betty€based€on€breach€of€contract€because€of€her€failure€to€pay€theÐ  d Ðbalance€due€and€damages€suffered€as€a€consequence€of€turning€away€other€interested€students.€Ð ú J ÐDudley€can€argue€that€a€contract€was€formed€when€she€agreed€to€pay€Newman€$30€a€lesson€forÐ à 0 Ð48€lessons€and€her€failure€to€do€so€on€demand€constitutes€anticipatory€repudiation€and€breach.Ð Æ   ÐÐ ¬ ü  ÐBetty€can€argue€that€the€contract€is€void€under€the€statute€of€frauds€as€a€service€contractÐ ’â  Ðnot€capable€of€being€performed€within€a€year€ð!ð€she€is€limited€to€only€2€lessons€per€month€and€theÐ xÈ  Ðoral€contract€was€for€48€lessons.€€Dudley€might€argue€part€performance€by€Betty,€who€paid€$300,Ð ^®  Ðand€by€Newman,€who€taught€3€lessons.€€However,€this€argument€would€be€good€only€to€theÐ D”  Ðextent€of€the€part€performance€ð!ð€payment€of€$300€is€only€consistent€with€a€contract€for€10Ð *z  Ðlessons.€€Thus,€Dudley€will€not€recover€the€balance€of€payment€due€because€the€contract€was€notÐ ` Ðwritten€and€didnððt€satisfy€the€statute€of€frauds.Ð öF ÐÐ Ü, ÐBetty€can€also€argue€that€having€Dudley€as€a€teacher€was€a€condition€precedent€to€theÐ Â Ðcontract€ð!ð€Betty€contracted€to€learn€from€Dudley,€a€prominent€dance€instructor€breached€theÐ ¨ø Ðcontract€thereby€releasing€her€of€her€obligations.€€Note€this€is€also€an€argument€Betty€can€useÐ ŽÞ Ðagainst€Dudley€for€recovery€of€the€$300.€€This€is€a€strong€argument€and€Dudley€will€lose€anyÐ tÄ Ðclaim€against€Betty.Ð Zª ÐÐ @ ÐÓ XÓÔ& d ÔòòDudley€v.€NewmanÐ &v ÐÓE.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°ŒX(#EÓóóÌÓ€ 6+#/012345(ÿÿ0