ÿWPC 82ù¨”[F‡±z-fÆ÷Zº›©:°4º0` Ú÷ªnT/¤beéÏ ¨×~UjªêjSŸHøycŽõ ÷ÿ™\ŠìßÊ"Üù‹C±“Љ³«æmST¸ð÷e0ÁŽÔ~(_™°.p°äe­Yâ:›ˆ†g„µ‡b–‘OÎ:¤á*7cŸ'¯Zb%mÊëó2 c‹ò Ý®‹M†ìÛX9cÌdj1:½ñÙ¢7Ón™(4—l®ø|Zlï™*ÕAÇâïÚƒ0b”|2wï¢û]ð¹´µõ.Ø÷IÛ[å–gâOƒRÖ nþ`¸\„šÎpWC7µU&Êg…÷kRqáC¡9f@_ð;ôGž`æ1Ù‡ªñ·Y2õR#¢§@§y>ÓVÓWóò¦Ù?”¿`¥õÓjfŽG¤’„ Ñ1«ZÄnÆ(\ùµÝ¿Æ™ëKGãm¿mRÎîG/Â&,ÿ(}§²5^·p4et(ÊÑç¡Æ7KVÍúJ…ÆØîÓQÖHüú;3;1 kŽ™¬ G²×«n`ÝuIK\§XÆIiÇÚ…Š;-¹&—X‚…,Þ%p.Ë„›^ÿ˜BäÌüÀ]®\©n=`wùºTÍ:jÊÑÙÒT«Ãƒ§ñ§Ð>#ÁdU”N% %s 0:y 0B³^ õw 4  ( m* U.A 1uo U @ä UzB$ U+:f 72  U>Ò  & 0‚< 0’¾ 0JP 0Vš 0œð BŒf©a«U.@¿¸ÿN······························ 0c¹˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL$,,,,$0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔH}r ÿÿ4Body TextBody TextÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔC‡ %ä2¼A`ArialTTCÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔC‡ %ä2¼A`ArialTTCÔÓ  Óõ¢‡1s }n1rian03|x%ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ%ä2¼A`ArialTT3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman ô\  `*Times New RomanTT<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT i)(ÖÃ9 Z&Times New Roman Ñ ° Ñ Ñ ° ÑH’ ÿÿ4heading 1heading 1Ô&  ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔW‡ô\  `*Times New RomanTTWÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔW‡ô\  `*Times New RomanTTWÔÔ'  ÔÓ  ÓD' ÿÿ2SubtitleSubtitleÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  Ôò òòòó óóóÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓP}r ÿÿ8Body Text 2Body Text 2Ó  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔC‡ %ä2¼A`ArialTTCÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔC‡ %ä2¼A`ArialTTCÔÓ  Ó(.3½Þ$©©Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝZ! ÿÿ:envelope retenvelope returnÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  Ó dTable_A(ÖÃ9 Z(Times New Roman  ®Ý ƒ½Þ)ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òQuestions€and€Representative€Answers€Page€Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú€of€Ú  Ú39Ú  Úó ó(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼¾Ü»XXÔÔ‡Xà X»¼¾ÜÔò òÓ  ÓÔ‡Xà XXXà ÔÖ€ÿÿÖJULY€2004€BAR€EXAMINATIONÐ ° ÐÌQUESTIONS€AND€REPRESENTATIVE€GOOD€ANSWERSÐ ˆØ ÐÌQUESTION€1Ð `° Ðó óÌÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÔ€Xà XXXà ÔÔ€X'øXXXà ÔÔ€ Xö4XXX'øÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ€Xà XX Xö4Ôà  àOn€December€29,€2003,€Seller€entered€into€a€written€contract€with€Buyer€for€the€sale€andÐ $ t Ðpurchase€of€Sellerððs€house€in€Howard€County,€Maryland€for€the€sum€of€$175,000.Ð  ` ÐÝ‚ÿÿÿPƒÝÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€Xà XXXà ÔÔ€Xà XXXà ÔÔ€Xà XXXà ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€pertinent€provisions€of€the€contract€provided€for€a€down€payment€of€$5,000€which€BuyerÐ è 8  Ðpaid€upon€execution€of€the€contract€with€the€balance€to€be€paid€in€cash€ð ðat€time€of€settlement€whichÐ Ô$  Ðshall€take€place€on€or€before€sixty€(60)€days€from€the€date€hereof€(February€27,€2004)€at€which€time,Ð À  Ðand€upon€payment€as€herein€provided,€possession€of€the€premises€shall€be€given€and€a€deedÐ ¬ü  Ðcontaining€covenant€of€special€warranty€shall€be€executed€and€delivered€to€Buyer.ðð€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€contract€further€provided:€ð ðThis€Contract€contains€the€final€and€entire€agreement€betweenÐ pÀ Ðthe€parties,€and€neither€shall€be€bound€by€any€terms,€conditions€or€representations€not€containedÐ \¬ Ðherein;€time€being€of€the€essence€of€this€agreement.ððÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àDuring€negotiations€between€the€parties€prior€to€signing€the€Contract,€Seller€told€Buyer€thatÐ  p Ðhe€was€not€certain€when€a€new€house€he€had€under€construction€in€Ocean€City,€Maryland€would€beÐ  \ Ðfinished€and€ready€for€his€occupancy€but€that€his€best€estimate€was€two€months.Ð øH ÐÌà  àOn€February€27,€2004,€neither€Seller€nor€Buyer€had€taken€any€steps€toward€settlement.€Ð Ð  ÐHowever,€on€March€1,€2004,€the€settlement€date€was€extended€to€March€11,€2004€by€mutualÐ ¼  Ðagreement.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àBuyer€did€not€tender€payment€or€notify€Seller€that€he€was€ready€for€settlement€on€March€11,Ð €Ð Ð2004;€nor€did€Seller€notify€Buyer€of€his€readiness€to€settle€on€that€date.€€In€fact,€Buyerðð€attorney€hadÐ l¼ Ðnot€completed€the€title€examination€and€Sellerððs€house€was€not€ready€for€occupancy.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àOn€March€19,€2004€Sellerðð€attorney€notified€Buyer€by€letter€that€inasmuch€as€the€propertyÐ 0"€  Ðsettlement€had€not€taken€place€within€the€time€stipulated€in€the€Contract€as€extended;€and€ð ðthat€timeÐ #l! Ðbeing€of€the€essence,ðð€Seller€considered€the€Contract€void€and€of€no€further€effect.€€On€March€28,Ð $X" Ð2004€Seller€contracted€to€sell€the€property€to€a€third€party.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àò òIn€a€suit€by€Buyer€for€specific€performance,€what€would€be€the€likely€outcome?€€WhatÐ Ì&"% Ðfacts€and€principles€of€law€support€your€conclusion?€€€€€ó óÐ ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àà Ð àÌÓ  Óò òÌÌÐ h+¸&* ЇREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€#1€€Ð ° ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà  àó óThe€original€agreement€between€Buyer€and€Seller€dated€December€29€is€a€land€contract,Ð ˆØ Ðwhich€is€the€operative€legal€document€in€the€first€stage€of€a€land€conveyance.€€Normally,€time€is€notÐ tÄ Ðconsidered€a€material€element€of€such€a€contract;€by€inserting€the€phrase€ð ðtime€is€of€the€essence€ofÐ `° Ðthis€agreement,ðð€however,€the€parties€made€time€a€material€element€of€the€bargain.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€December€29€agreement€also€contained€the€phrase€ð ðupon€payment€as€herein€provided,ððÐ $ t Ðwhich€conditioned€Sellerððs€obligation€to€turn€over€possession€and€the€deed€on€Buyerððs€obligation€toÐ  ` Ðprovide€the€remainder€of€the€purchase€price.€Ð ü L  Ðà  àÌà  àBy€not€remitting€the€payment€to€Seller€on€February€27€as€agreed,€Buyer€was€in€breach.€€OnÐ Ô$  ÐMarch€1,€however,€the€parties€agreed€to€extend€the€settlement€date€to€March€11.€€The€partiesðð€mutualÐ À  Ðagreement€(i.e.,€promises€given€by€each€to€extend€the€settlement€date)€means€that€there€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðconsideration€for€the€new€contract€made€on€March€1.€€€Despite€this€exchange€of€promises,€however,Ð ˜è  Ðthe€March€1€agreement€constitutes€a€modification€of€the€December€29€agreement.€€To€validly€modifyÐ „Ô  Ða€contract€within€the€statute€of€fraud€(and€a€contract€for€a€conveyance€of€land€is€always€within€theÐ pÀ Ðstatute)€when€the€modification€word€means€that€the€contract€remains€within€the€purview€of€theÐ \¬ Ðstatute,€the€modification€must€be€in€writing.€€Unless€the€March€1€agreement€was€in€writing,€therefore,Ð H˜ Ðit€is€not€an€enforceable€agreement€and€Buyerððs€failure€to€tender€payment€by€February€27€constitutesÐ 4„ Ða€material€breach.€€Buyer€could€not,€therefore,€succeed€in€his€lawsuit.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àAssuming€that€the€March€1€agreement€is€in€writing,€Buyer€will€still€not€prevail€in€his€lawsuit.€Ð øH ÐEven€if€the€agreement€to€extend€the€settlement€is€valid,€Buyer€breached€the€new€agreement€by€failingÐ ä4 Ðto€tender€payment€on€March€11.€€In€fact,€Buyer€had€still€not€tendered€payment€by€March€28.€€ThoughÐ Ð  Ðthe€court€is€unlikely€to€consider€the€time€agreement€a€material€element€at€this€point,€(assuming€aÐ ¼  Ðwritten€modification)€given€the€partiesðð€mutual€agreement€to€extend€the€settlement€date,€Buyer€is€stillÐ ¨ø Ðlikely€to€loose€if€the€court€considers€Buyerððs€failure€to€tender€payment€by€March€28€unreasonableÐ ”ä Ðand€evidence€of€breach.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2€€Ð X ¨ Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àBuyer€would€not€succeed€in€achieving€specific€performance€of€the€land€sale€contract€withÐ 0"€  ÐSeller.€€As€a€preliminary€matter€the€original€contract€was€valid€as€it€satisfied€the€statute€of€frauds,Ð #l! Ðstated€the€consideration€and€identified€the€property€in€question.€€Further,€specific€performance€is€aÐ $X" Ðproper€remedy€in€land€sale€contracts€due€to€the€inherent€uniqueness€of€each€piece€of€property.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€original€land€sale€contract€contained€a€clear€and€valid€merger€clause€(ð ðthe€final€andÐ Ì&"% Ðentire€agreementðð),€which€has€the€effect€of€making€the€agreement€a€complete€integration€ð!ð€the€paroleÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence€rule€no€additional€terms€can€be€added€and€evidence€prior€or€contemporaneous€to€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontract€can€be€added.€€Here,€the€contract€said€that€ð ðtime€is€of€the€essence,ðð€and€the€SellerððsÐ )à$( Ðstatement€regarding€the€completion€of€his€new€house€are€not€given€any€effect.€€Without€more,€the€Ð |*Ì%) Ðò òÓ  ÓÐ h+¸&* Їó óÔ#†Xà XXXà Š#ÔÔ‡Xà XXXà ÔÓÞÓBuyer€would€have€been€in€breach€on€February€27€had€he€not€tendered€the€remainder€of€the€purchaseÐ ° Ðprice.€Ô#†Xà XXXà &#ÔÔ‡Xà XXXà ÔHowever,€there€appears€to€have€been€a€valid€modification€of€the€original€contract.€€RegardlessÐ œì Ðof€what€a€contract€says€(ð ðneither€shall€be€bound€by€any€terms,€conditionsð8ð€not€thereinðð),€anÐ ˆØ Ðagreement€can€always€be€modified€at€a€future€date.€€Here,€the€parties€made€a€later€agreement€that€theÐ tÄ Ðsettlement€date€would€be€moved€to€March€1,€2004.€€(Note:€for€this€modification€to€be€valid,€it€mustÐ `° Ðsatisfy€the€ð ðequal€dignity€ruleðð€ð!ð€as€the€original€contract€must€satisfy€the€statute€of€frauds,€so€mustÐ L œ Ðthe€modification;€here,€the€facts€do€not€suggest€whether€in€writing,€so€I€am€assuming€that€it€was€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðwriting.€€There€is€also€consideration€for€the€modification,€as€Seller€could€€keep€the€house€for€a€longerÐ $ t Ðtime€in€exchange€of€which€Buyer€did€not€have€to€tender€the€remainder€of€the€purchase€price).€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àOn€March€19,€when€Buyer€had€not€tendered€the€remainder€of€the€price,€he€was€in€breach.€Ð è 8  ÐBuyer€might€argue€that€Seller€was€in€breach,€because€he€hadnððt€notified€him€of€settlement,€but€thisÐ Ô$  Ðwill€fail,€as€it€is€B€that€has€the€greatest€weight€of€performance€left;€Seller€said€ready€to€leave€houseÐ À  Ðon€March€11,€Buyer€must€express€willingness€to€complete€tender.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAs€B€had€not€tendered€by€the€agreed€upon€date,€Buyer€was€in€breach€and€Seller€did€not€haveÐ „Ô  Ðto€perform,€so€there€can€be€no€specific€performance.€Ô#†Xà XXXà ô#ÔÐ pÀ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ìì*ìàˆÐ h+¸&* Їò òÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÓ  ÓQUESTION€2ó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌMolly€Miser,€a€meter€maid€employed€by€the€Town€of€Beverly,€Maryland,€dreams€of€becoming€aÐ ˆØ Ðpolice€officer€for€the€Town.€€One€day€while€in€uniform€and€on€duty€checking€for€expired€meters,Ð tÄ Ðshe€noticed€two€young€men,€Wally€and€Eddie,€engaged€in€what€appeared€to€be€a€scuffle€in€theÐ `° Ðfront€yard€of€a€residence.€Sensing€an€opportunity€for€a€true€law€enforcement€experience,€MollyÐ L œ Ðcharged€across€the€street€to€investigate.€€At€that€moment,€WallyÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ò%#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉU(#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€mom,€June,€looked€out€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðwindow€and€saw€a€stranger€running€toward€her€minor€son€and€his€friend.€€Fearing€for€their€safety,Ð * z Ðshe€opened€her€front€door€and€let€the€family€pit€bull€Ô#†Xà XXX8_›(#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ôð ðÔ#†Xà XXX ɼ)#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ_ÔVichussÔ_ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_*#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX Ék*#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€out€without€its€muzzle,€asÐ  f Ðrequired€by€the€TownÔ#†Xà XXX8_±*#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É7+#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€animal€control€ordinance.€€Shocked€by€the€sight€of€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô,€Eddie€dartedÐ  X  Ðto€the€edge€of€€the€property€to€escape€the€dog.€Molly,€running€from€the€other€direction,€whippedÐ ú J  Ðout€her€personal€22„caliber€pistol€and€fired€off€a€warning€shot€to€scare€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô.€€However,€theÐ æ6  Ðbullet€struck€Eddie€in€his€left€thigh.Ð Ò"  ÐÌAs€Eddie€lay€incapacitated€in€the€street,€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€pounced€on€him€and€bit€him€in€the€thigh.€Ð ªú  ÐStartled€by€the€sequence€of€events,€Molly€stood€frozen€in€the€street€and€was€hit€by€Ward€whoÐ –æ  Ðcame€careening€around€the€corner€in€an€Ô_ÔSUVÔ_Ô€in€this€residential€neighborhood.€€Because€he€wasÐ ‚Ò Ðchanging€his€compact€disc€at€the€time,€he€did€not€see€Molly€and€Eddie€in€the€street€until€too€lateÐ n¾ Ðto€avoid€an€accident.Ð Zª ÐÌEddie€was€treated€at€the€local€hospital€for€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_}+#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É 0#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€bite€and€the€bullet€wound€in€his€thigh.€€AfterÐ 2‚ Ðhis€release,€Eddie€experienced€insomnia,€headaches€and€nightmares.€€Molly€suffered€two€brokenÐ $t Ðlegs€and€three€broken€ribs€and€was€placed€in€traction€for€a€full€month.€€Fearing€that€she€will€neverÐ ` Ðbecome€the€police€officer€of€her€dreams,€she€also€suffers€from€recurring€anxiety.Ð üL ÐÌò òa.€What€causes€of€action€might€Eddie€bring€and€against€whom?€€What€defense€would€youÐ Ô$ Ðexpect€to€be€raised?€€Discuss€fully.Ð À ÐÌb.€What€causes€of€action€might€Molly€bring€and€against€whom?€€What€defense€would€youÐ ˜è Ðexpect€to€be€raised?€Discuss€fully.ó óÐ „Ô ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óÐ H"˜  ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ& Ø ÔÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔEddie€v.€JuneÔ Ý ¸3Ôó óÐ  $p" ÐÓ  ÓÔ'Ø $3ÔÌà  àEddie€would€first€bring€a€charge€against€June€for€negligence€and€for€strict€liability€for€aÐ ø%H!$ Ðvicious€domesticated€animal.€€Under€his€cause€of€action€for€strict€liability€Eddie€must€show€thatÐ ä&4"% ÐJune€knew€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€had€vicious€propensities.€€This€may€be€shown€if€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€has€bitten€someoneÐ Ð' #& Ðin€the€past.€€If€Eddie€can€demonstrate€such€then€June€will€be€strictly€liable€for€the€bite€caused€byÐ ¼( $' ÐÔ_ÔVichussÔ_Ô.Ð ¨)ø$( ÐÌIf€EddieÔ#†Xà XXX8_P0#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɤ6#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€suit€for€strict€liability€fails,€Eddie€may€also€sue€June€under€a€theory€of€negligence.€Ð €+Ð&* ÐNegligence€requires€that€Eddie€prove€duty,€breach,€causation€and€damages.€€June€had€a€duty€ofÐ ° Ðcare€to€act€as€a€reasonably€prudent€person€under€similar€circumstances.€€Eddie€would€argue€JuneÐ œì Ðhad€a€duty€to€not€release€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€without€a€muzzle€as€required€by€law.€€In€Maryland,€failure€toÐ ˆØ Ðobey€the€law€is€not€negligence€per€se,€but€is€evidence€of€a€duty€of€care€and€a€breach€of€that€duty.€Ð tÄ ÐFurther,€Eddie€can€show€that€he€was€the€type€of€person€the€statute€was€designed€to€protect;€aÐ `° Ðstatute€requiring€muzzled€pit€bulls€demonstrates€a€fear€they€might€bite;€and€this€is€the€type€of€riskÐ L œ Ðthat€the€statute€was€trying€to€prevent.€€Eddie€would€argue€June€breached€this€duty€by€releasingÐ 8 ˆ ÐÔ_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€without€his€muzzle.€€He€would€further€assert€JuneÔ#†Xà XXX8_ê6#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉF;#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€actions€were€both€the€legal€andÐ $ t Ðfactual€cause€of€his€injury.€€But€for€June€releasing€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô,€he€would€not€have€been€bitten€and€itÐ  f Ðwas€foreseeable€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€might€bite€someone,€including€Eddie.€€Here€June€may€argue€thatÐ  R  ÐMollyÔ#†Xà XXX8_Œ;#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É+=#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€gunshot€was€a€superceding€intervening€cause,€because€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€may€have€just€beenÐ î >  Ðreacting€to€the€gunshot.€€However,€Eddie€will€counter€that€the€gunshot€should€have€causedÐ à0  ÐÔ_ÔVichussÔ_Ô€to€then€attack€Molly,€not€him.€€Eddie€can€also€prove€damages€as€he€was€treated€for€theÐ Ì  Ðbite.€€Further,€he€can€try€to€recover€for€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.€€This€is€not€aÐ ¸  Ðseparate€cause€of€action€but€could€be€asserted€in€his€claim€for€damages.Ð ¤ô  ÐÌJuneÔ#†Xà XXX8_q=#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É@#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€defense€will€be€defense€of€others.€€She€will€argue€that€she€was€trying€€to€defend€Eddie€andÐ |Ì Ðher€own€child€from€a€stranger€she€saw€approaching€them.€€However,€Eddie€will€argue€June€wasÐ n¾ Ðnot€reasonable€in€her€actions,€because€she€did€not€know€whom€the€dog€might€attack.€€Further,Ð Zª Ðbecause€Molly€was€in€her€uniform,€June€should€not€have€feared€her€as€much.Ð F– ÐÌÔ& Ø ÔÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔEddie€v.€MollyÔ Ý JBÔó óÐ n ÐÓ  ÓÔ'Ø/BÔÌEddie€will€also€assert€a€claim€of€negligence€against€Molly€and€a€claim€of€battery.€€His€batteryÐ öF Ðclaim€will€likely€fail€because€he€would€have€to€show€an€intent€that€the€bullet€hit€him,€and€hereÐ â2 ÐMolly€fired€a€warning€shot€without€intending€that€the€bullet€hit€Eddie.Ð Î ÐÌEddie€will€be€more€successful€in€his€negligence€claim€and€will€again€have€to€show€duty,€breach,Ð ¦ö Ðcausation,€and€damages.€€Here€he€can€show€Molly€breached€her€duty€of€care€to€act€as€aÐ ’â Ðreasonably€prudent€person€under€similar€circumstances€because€she€should€have€been€moreÐ ~Î Ðcareful€in€firing€a€dangerous€weapon.€€Further,€he€can€show€his€injuries€were€€the€actual€cause€Ð j º Ðò òó óand€foreseeable€result€of€her€negligence.€€Damages€are€shown€by€his€hospitalization€and€he€may€Ð V!¦ Ðalso€tack€on€a€claim€of€recovery€for€negligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress.Ð B"’  ÐÌMolly€may€also€assert€a€claim€of€defense€of€others€and€herself€by€firing€the€shot.€€But€it€will€failÐ $j" Ðbecause€she€was€not€reasonable€in€defending€the€boys€and€in€Maryland€to€defend€herself€she€mustÐ %V # Ðtry€to€retreat€first,€as€there€is€a€duty€to€retreat.Ð ò%B!$ ÐÌÔ& Ä ÔÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔÌEddie€v.€Town€of€BeverlyÔ Ý ëGÔó óÐ ¶($' ÐÓ  ÓÔ'ÄÊ'ÐGÔÌEddie€can€also€assert€a€cause€of€action€against€the€Town€as€vicariously€liable€for€the€actions€of€itsÐ Ž*Þ%) Ðservant€Molly€under€the€doctrine€of€Ô_ÔrespondeatÔ_Ô€superior.€€Maryland€has€waived€sovereignÐ z+Ê&* Ðimmunity€for€municipalities€in€tort€suits.€€The€town€may€argue€Molly€was€not€acting€within€theÐ ° Ðscope€of€her€employment,€but€because€she€was€at€work€in€uniform€checking€meters€this€willÐ œì Ðprobably€fail.Ð ˆØ ÐÌÔ& Ø ÔÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔMolly€v.€WardÔ Ý „JÔó óÐ `° ÐÓ  ÓÔ'Ø`iJÔÌMolly€will€assert€a€cause€of€action€against€Ward€for€negligence.€€He€breached€his€duty€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðordinary€care€by€failing€to€stop€for€her€when€taking€his€eyes€off€the€road€and€thus€caused€herÐ $ t Ðdamages.€€He€will€argue€she€was€Ô_ÔcontributorilyÔ_Ô€negligent€by€standing€in€the€road€which€wouldÐ  ` Ðcompletely€ban€her€recovery.€€He€could€also€argue€she€impliedly€assumed€the€risk€when€standingÐ ü L  Ðin€the€middle€of€the€road.€€She€will€counter€that€if€she€was€negligent,€he€had€the€last€clear€chanceÐ è 8  Ðto€avoid€hitting€her€so€she€can€still€recover.€€Further,€like€Eddie€she€can€tack€on€a€claim€ofÐ Ô$  Ðnegligent€infliction€of€emotional€distress€in€her€request€for€damages.Ð À  ÐÌÔ& Ø ÔÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔMolly€v.€JuneÔ Ý 3NÔó óÐ ˜è  ÐÓ  ÓÔ'ؘNÔÌMolly€can€assert€a€claim€of€assault€against€June€for€intentionally€causing€fear€of€an€immediateÐ pÀ Ðtouching€by€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô.€€Molly€feared€being€attacked,€as€demonstrated€by€her€warning€shot.€€JuneÐ \¬ Ðwill€assert€defense€of€others€as€her€defense,€but€this€will€probably€fail€as€Molly€just€approachedÐ H˜ Ðthe€boys€and€was€in€her€meter€maid€uniform€so€June€was€not€reasonable€in€her€belief€the€boysÐ 4„ Ðneeded€to€be€defended.€€Ð  p ÐÌÓ  Óò òÑ€OaÑÑ€OaÑREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ øH ÐÓ  ÓÌEddie:Ð Ô$ ÐÌEddie€can€bring€a€cause€of€action€against€Molly,€the€Town€of€Beverly,€Ward,€Wally€and€June.Ð ¬ü ÐÌEddie€v.€Molly€Ô#†Xà XXX8_\@#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX ÉæQ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Eddie€can€bring€a€cause€of€action€against€Molly€for€assault€and€battery.€€AssaultÐ „Ô Ðbecause€Molly€intended€or€had€substantial€certainty€that€firing€her€gun€would€cause€a€reasonableÐ vÆ Ðperson€apprehension€or€fear.€€Molly€will€argue€that€she€canÔ#†Xà XXX8_)R#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É‚S#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôt€be€liable€since€she€did€not€intend€toÐ b ² Ðhit€Eddie€but€rather€intended€to€scare€Ô_ÔVichussÔ_Ô.€€However,€under€the€doctrine€of€transferred€intentÐ T!¤ ÐMolly€will€be€liable€for€both€assault€and€battery€because€the€gun€from€her€person€caused€anÐ @"  ÐÔ_ÔunpermittedÔ_Ô€touching€of€Eddie€by€the€bullet.€€Eddie€may€also€be€able€to€bring€a€cause€of€actionÐ ,#|! Ðagainst€Molly€for€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress,€because€her€conduct€in€waving€theÐ $h" Ðgun€may€be€viewed€as€extreme€and€outrageous€and€it€appears€that€Eddie€suffered€severe€distressÐ %T # Ðwith€insomnia,€headaches€and€nightmares.€€Edie€may€also€charge€Molly€with€negligence.€€SheÐ ð%@!$ Ðowed€Eddie€a€duty€of€reasonable€care€under€the€circumstances,€she€breached€this€duty,€this€Ð Ü&,"% ÐÌÌÌÌÐ x+È&* Ðbreach€was€both€the€proximate€and€but€for€cause€of€EddieÔ#†Xà XXX8_ÈS#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉúW#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€injuries€and€Eddie€sufferedÐ ° Ðdamages.€€Eddie€will€argue€that€he€is€a€foreseeable€plaintiff€because€Molly€saw€him€and€cameÐ ¢ò Ðrunning€toward€him.€€Molly€had€a€duty€of€reasonable€care€which€she€breached€by€waving€a€gunÐ ŽÞ Ðand€shooting€it€Ô#†Xà XXX8_@X#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX É¥Y#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€an€uncommon€practice€for€meter€maids.€€EddieÔ#†Xà XXX8_èY#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉWZ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€injuries€resulted€due€toÐ zÊ ÐMollyÔ#†Xà XXX8_Z#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É[#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€negligence€and€he€suffered€damages€Ô#†Xà XXX8_Y[#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX ÉÀ[#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€the€bullet€wound€and€getting€bitten€by€the€dog.Ð l¼ ÐÌIn€her€defense,€Molly€will€argue€that€she€was€trying€to€defend€WallyððsÔ#†Xà XXX8_\#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€defense€of€others.€€Ð J š ÐÌEddie€v.€Town€of€Beverly€Ô#†Xà XXX8_Õ\#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX É\]#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Eddie€will€sue€the€Town€under€Ô_ÔrespondeatÔ_Ô€superior.€€He€will€argueÐ " r Ðthat€the€Town€is€liable€for€Molly€because€she€was€an€employee€working€in€the€scope€of€business,Ð  d  Ðand€negligent.€€The€Town€will€argue€that€MollyÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ÿ]#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX Éú^#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€conduct€was€not€for€its€benefit€because€it€doesÐ P  Ðnot€encourage€meter€maids€to€carry€guns€and€shoot€people/dogs.€€If€Molly€is€found€negligent,€theÐ òB  ÐTown€can€Sue€her€for€indemnification.Ð Þ.  ÐÌEddie€v.€June€Ô#†Xà XXX8_@_#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX ɇ`#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Eddie€will€sue€June€for€negligence€and€strict€liability.€€Eddie€will€claim€that€JuneÐ ¶  Ðwas€unreasonable.€€She€owed€him€a€duty,€she€breached€the€duty€by€sending€a€pit€bull€on€the€lawnÐ ¨ø  Ðwhere€he€and€Wally€were€playing,€sending€the€pit€bull€was€the€proximate€cause€of€his€injuriesÐ ”ä Ðand€he€suffered€damages€due€to€dog€bite.€€June€may€defend€that€Eddie€was€a€trespasser€on€herÐ €Ð Ðland€and€thus€she€owed€him€no€duty.€€However,€it€is€likely€that€Eddie€was€not€a€trespasser€but€aÐ l¼ Ðlicensee,€and€June€owed€him€a€duty€to€protect€him€from€known€dangerous€conditions€such€as€aÐ X¨ Ðpit€bull.€€Even€if€Eddie€were€a€trespasser,€he€was€a€known€trespasser€since€June€saw€him€throughÐ D” Ðthe€window,€and€she€still€had€a€duty€to€protect€known€trespassers€from€dangerous€conditions€ofÐ 0€ Ðthe€land.Ð l ÐÌEddie€may€also€sue€June€in€strict€liability€for€the€dog€bite€from€a€domesticated€pet.€€It€the€pit€bullÐ ôD Ðhas€bitten€previously€June€is€put€on€notice€that€it€is€dangerous.€€June€may€defend€that€€she€wasÐ à0 Ðdefending€her€property€however€one€canÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ê`#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉÐe#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôt€be€unreasonable€€when€doing€so.Ð Ì ÐÌÔ#†¼g?»XX8_\#Ôò òó óÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔEddie€v.€Wally€Ô#†Xà XXX8_f#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX Éçf#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Eddie€may€have€a€claim€for€battery€against€Wally€if€the€scuffle€was€anÐ ªú ÐÔ_ÔunpermittedÔ_Ô€touching.€€Wally€could€defend€by€arguing€self„defense€Ô#†Xà XXX8_*g#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX É*h#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€that€he€was€protectingÐ œì Ðhimself.Ð Ž Þ ÐÌMolly€v.€Ward€Ô#†Xà XXX8_mh#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX Éi#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Molly€can€bring€a€cause€of€action€against€Ward€for€negligence.€€Molly€willÐ f"¶  Ðargue€that€Ward€owed€her€a€duty€of€reasonable€care,€he€breached€that€duty€because€it€wasÐ X#¨! Ðunreasonable€to€drive€while€changing€a€CD.€€Molly€will€argue€that€his€negligence€is€both€the€butÐ D$”" Ðfor€cause€of€her€injuries€and€the€proximate€or€foreseeable€cause.€€Molly€will€further€assert€thatÐ 0%€ # Ðshe€suffered€damages.€€Molly€will€have€a€cause€of€action€against€Ward€for€battery€for€theÐ &l!$ ÐÔ_ÔunpermittedÔ_Ô€touching€of€Molly€by€Ward€with€his€car.Ð 'X"% ÐÌMolly€v.€June€Ô#†Xà XXX8_Ki#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ô„Ô#†Xà XXX É+l#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Molly€cannot€use€a€theory€of€negligence€per€se€against€June€for€releasing€her€dogÐ à(0$' Ðsince€Maryland€does€not€recognize€this.Ð Ò)"%( ÐÌÐ ª+ú&* ÐÔ_ÔJune€v.€Molly€„€€Because€of€her€entry€onto€the€land€it€is€possible€that€June€could€sue€Molly€forÐ ° Ðtrespass.Ð œì ÐÌBoth€Molly€and€Eddie€are€entitled€to€compensatory€damages.Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ  Óò òÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ h+¸&* ÐQUESTION€3ó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌÓÓÓÓà  àE„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€is€a€Maryland€corporation€that€sells€televisions€and€other€consumer€electronics.Ð ˆØ ÐÓ  ÓIn€2002,€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€borrowed€$500,000€from€First€Bank€to€enable€the€Company€to€keep€a€sufficientÐ tÄ Ðinventory€on€hand€to€meet€customer€demand.€€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€granted€First€Bank€a€security€interest€in€ð ðallÐ `° Ðinventory€and€equipment€now€owned€and€hereafter€acquiredðð€which€was€so€stated€in€the€timely€filedÐ L œ Ðfinancing€statements€with€the€Maryland€State€Department€of€Assessments€and€Taxation.€(ð ðÔ_ÔSDATÔ_Ôðð).Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àÌà  àJanuary€15,€2003,€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€purchased€fax€equipment€from€Two€Guys,€Inc.€for€office€useÐ  ` Ðto€allow€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ôðð€customers€to€fax€orders.€€Two€Guys€financed€the€entire€price€of€the€faxÐ ü L  Ðequipment,€and€was€granted€a€purchase€money€security€interest€in€the€fax€equipment.Ð è 8  Ðà  àÌà  àApril€1,€2003,€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€purchased€computer€equipment€from€Two€Guys€to€handle€Ð À  ÐÓ=nÓÓ  Óà @ àò òó óÓ tÓÓrÓcustomersðð€orders€over€the€internet.€€Two€Guys€financed€the€purchase€of€the€computers,€and€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðgranted€a€purchase€money€security€interest€in€the€computers.Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌà  àApril€15,€2003,€Two€Guys€filed€financing€statements€with€the€Ô_ÔSDATÔ_Ô€describing€the€faxÐ pÀ Ðmachines€and€computer€equipment€as€collateral.Ð \¬ Ðà  àÌà  àFebruary€14,€2004,€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€arranged€with€Third€National€Bank€to€finance€the€purchase€ofÐ 4„ Ð$200,000€worth€of€Ace€plasma€televisions.€€The€televisions€were€delivered€on€February€18,€2004.€Ð  p ÐE„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€granted€Third€National€Bank€a€purchase€money€security€interest€in€the€televisions.Ð  \ Ðà  àÌà  àFebruary€20,€2004,€Third€National€Bank€filed€a€financing€statement€with€the€Ô_ÔSDATÔ_Ô€notingÐ ä4 Ða€security€interest€in€ð ðall€of€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€inventory€of€Ace€plasma€televisions.ððÐ Ð  Ðà  àÌà  àDue€to€serious€cash€flow€difficulties,€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€fails€to€make€payments€to€creditors€and€goesÐ ¨ø Ðout€of€business.€€The€secured€parties€seek€to€enforce€their€security€interests.Ð ”ä ÐÓ;tÓÓ  Óà @ àò òÌà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àÓñyÓÓxÓà  àDiscuss€and€analyze€the€priority€of€the€security€interests€of€First€Bank,€Two€Guys€andÐ l¼ ÐThird€National€Bank€in€the€fax€machines,€computer€equipment€and€televisions.ó óÔ#†¼g?»XX8_–f#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_nl#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€€ò òÐ X ¨ ÐÓmzÓÓ  ÓÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€1Ð 4"„  Ðó óÓò{ÓÓ  ÓÌTwo€Guys€(ð ðÔ_ÔTGÔ_Ôðð)€has€priority€over€First€Bank€(ð ðFBðð)€in€its€security€interests€in€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€(ð ðEðð)Ð  $\" Ðcomputer€equipment.€€Under€UCC€9„324€(a),€a€perfected€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€goods,€other€than€inventory,€hasÐ ø$H # Ðpriority€over€conflicting€security€interests€in€goods€if€the€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€is€perfected€within€20€days€afterÐ ä%4!$ Ðdebtor€receives€possession.€€Here,€Ô_ÔTGÔ_Ô€financed€the€debtorððs€fax€equipment€which€were€delivered€onÐ Ð& "% ÐJanuary€15,€2003.€€Ô_ÔTGÔ_Ô€failed€to€file€a€financing€statement€until€April€15,€2003.€€Therefore,€FB€hasÐ ¼' #& Ðpriority€in€the€fax€equipment.€€However,€Ô_ÔTGÔ_Ô€has€priority€in€the€computers€because€it€filed€itsÐ ¨(ø#' Ðfinancing€statement€on€April€15,€2003,€which€was€within€20€days€of€delivery€of€the€computers€onÐ ”)ä$( ÐApril€1,€2003.€€FB€has€priority€over€Third€National€Bank€(ð ðÔ_ÔTNBÔ_Ôðð)€in€their€security€interests€in€E„Ð €*Ð%) ÐÔ_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€inventory.€€FB€filed€its€security€interest€in€Eððs€inventory€and€after€acquired€inventory€inÐ l+¼&* ÐFebruary€2002.€€As€a€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€holder€in€inventory,€Ô_ÔTNBÔ_Ô€lacks€priority€over€FB€because€it€failed€to€Ð ° Ðò òó ócomply€with€9„324€(b)€to€insure€its€priority€over€the€inventory€(plasma€TVs)€that€it€financed.€€Per€9„Ð œì Ð324€(b),€for€a€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€inventory€to€take€priority€over€a€prior€perfected€security€interest€in€inventory,Ð ˆØ Ðthe€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€holder€must€perfect€on€or€before€delivery€of€the€inventory€and€give€notice€to€priorÐ tÄ Ðconflicting€holders€of€security€interests€in€inventory.€€Because€Ô_ÔTNBÔ_Ô€filed€its€security€interest€onÐ `° ÐFebruary€20,€2004,€after€delivery,€and€failed€to€notify€FB,€FB€has€priority.Ð L œ ÐÓ  Óò òÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð $ t Ðó óà0 @ àÓ  Óà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àThis€question€deals€with€Article€9€security€interests.Ð ü L  Ðòòà  àÌà  àSecurity€Agreement.óóà  àà h àE„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€has€security€agreement€with€(FB),€it€attached€when€Ð Ô$  ÐÔ#†¼g?»XX8_f{#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_¨{#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôvalue€was€given€by€bank,€they€had€an€agreement€and€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€has€right€in€the€collateral.€€It€wasÐ À  Ðperfected€upon€filing€at€Ô_ÔSDATÔ_Ô.Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àòòÌà  àTwo€Guysóó€has€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€fax€machines€and€computer€equipment.€€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€equipment€has€aÐ „Ô  Ð20€day€grace€period€to€perfect€its€interests.€€Here€2€Guys€did€perfect€on€4/15/2003€within€the€20€dayÐ pÀ Ðgrace€period€for€the€computers€but€not€for€the€fax€machines.€€The€fax€machines€are€thereforeÐ \¬ ÐÔ_ÔunperfectedÔ_Ô.Ð H˜ Ðà  àÌà  àòòThird€National€Bankóó€had€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€plasma€screen€Ô_ÔtvsÔ_Ô.€€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€in€inventory€to€have€priorityÐ  p Ðmust€be€attached€when€debtor€takes€possession€and€the€other€secured€party€must€be€notified€of€theÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô.€€Here€attachment€occurred€at€time€of€delivery,€but€Third€National€Bank€did€not€notify€otherÐ øH Ðcreditors€(First€Bank€which€had€an€after€acquired€property€clause)€before€E„Ô_ÔTronicsÔ_Ô€took€possession.€Ð ä4 ÐThird€Bank€therefore€has€an€Ô_ÔunperfectedÔ_Ô€security€interest€in€tvððs,€as€it€did€not€follow€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€9„324(b)Ð Ð  Ðrequirement€of€notice€to€other€secured€parties.€€Ð ¼  Ðà  àòòÌà  àFax€machinesóó.€€First€Bank€wins.€€First€Bank€perfected€interest€in€inventory/equipment€is€Ð ”ä Ðò òó óÔ#†¼g?»XX8_¸†#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_ú†#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôsuperior€to€2€Guys€whose€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€was€not€filed€during€the€20€day€grace€period.€€Purchase€1/15/03€notÐ €Ð Ðfiled€until€4/15.Ð l¼ Ðò òó óòòÌà  àComputers.óóà ¸ à2€Guys€wins.€€€2€Guys€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€was€filed€within€grace€period€4/1/03€purchasedÐ D!” Ðfiled€4/15/03.€€Their€interest€of€Ô_ÔPMSIÔ_Ô€takes€priority€over€First€Bank.Ð 0"€  Ðà  àòòÌà  àPlasma€TVððs.óóà ¸ àFirst€Bank€wins.€€€First€Bank€perfected€security€interests€in€after€acquired€Ð $X" Ðò òó óÔ#†¼g?»XX8_=Ž#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ž#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôproperty€in€2002.€€Third€National€Bank€failed€to€adequately€perfect€under€requirements€of€9„324,€didÐ ô$D # Ðnot€give€notice.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÔ#†¼g?»XX8_G‘#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»»¼g?‰‘#ÔÓ  ÓÐ  ¸'#& Ðà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àò òÓ’ÓÔ‡¼g?»»¼¾ÜÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÓ  ÓQUESTION€4ó óÐ ° ÐÓ/“ÓPete€owns€Peteððs€Pizza€Planet,€an€unincorporated€business€consisting€of€six€highly€successful€pizzaÐ œì Ðdelivery€shops€in€Maryland.€€On€June€1,€2001€Pete€entered€into€a€written€four„year€contract€withÐ ˆØ ÐÔ_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô,€Inc.,€(Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô)€whereby€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€agreed€to€become€Peteððs€ð ðexclusive€supplier€of€Grade€AÐ tÄ Ðpizza€cheese.ðð€€This€cheese€is€readily€available€on€the€market€and€its€specific€ingredients€are€widelyÐ `° Ðknown€in€the€food€business.€€Pete€purchased€approximately€$1,000,000€worth€of€products€fromÐ L œ ÐÔ_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€each€year.Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àÌà  àPete€was€very€happy€with€his€agreement€with€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€and€the€superior€customer€service€itÐ  ` Ðprovided.€€In€fact,€he€was€so€happy€that€on€June€1,€2002€Pete€entered€into€a€second€written€contractÐ ü L  Ðwith€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€for€the€next€three€years€to€serve€as€his€advertising€agency€to€design,€produce€andÐ è 8  Ðcoordinate€Planet€Pizzaððs€marketing€campaign.€€Pete€agreed€to€spend,€through€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô,€$250,000€perÐ Ô$  Ðyear€in€advertising€because€he€liked€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ôððs€creativity€and€proven€success€in€conducting€advertisingÐ À  Ðcampaigns€for€pizza€businesses.Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àÌà  àOn€April€30,€2004€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini,€Inc.€(ð ðÔ_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Miniðð)€purchased€all€of€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô,€Incððs€assets.€Ð „Ô  ÐThe€sale€included€an€assignment€of€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ôððs€ongoing€supply€and€advertising€contracts€with€Pete.€Ð pÀ Ðà  àÌà  àAlthough€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Mini€assumed€the€contracts€and€continued€to€supply€products€and€servicesÐ H˜ Ðas€required,€Pete€did€not€like€the€new€sales€and€advertising€personnel€he€was€now€forced€to€workÐ 4„ Ðwith€at€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Mini.€€Therefore,€on€June€1,€2004,€with€one€year€still€remaining€on€each€contract,€PeteÐ  p Ðnotified€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Mini€that€he€refused€to€accept€an€assignment€of€the€contracts€and€was€terminating€bothÐ  \ Ðcontracts.Ð øH Ðà  àÌà  àÔ_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Mini€consults€you,€its€newly€hired€house€counsel€and€recently€admitted€MarylandÐ Ð  Ðattorney.€€€Ð ¼  Ðò òÌAdvise€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€as€toó ó:Ð ”ä Ðà  àò òÌà  àa.à ` àThe€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€supply€contract;Ð pÀ Ðà  àb.à ` àThe€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€the€advertising€contract;Ð \ ¬ Ðà  àc.à ` àDamages,€if€any,€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô€Mini€may€recover.ó óÐ H!˜ Ðà  àò òÌà  àExplain€your€reasonsó ó.Ô#†Xà XXX8_ñ’#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»XXà “#ÔÐ  #p! Ðò òÔ‡¼g?»»¼¾ÜÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÓ  ÓÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð ü$L # Ðó óÓÙ Ó€€à0  àÐè%8!$(#(# Ðà  àa.à ` àThe€supply€contract€(k)€is€for€the€sale€of€goods€valued€at€over€$500€and€was€Ð Ô&$"% Ðtherefore€memorialized€in€a€written€k.€€In€order€for€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€(MM)€to€enforce€the€k€against€PeteÐ À'#& Ð(P),€he€must€have€signed€the€k.€€Assuming€he€has€done€so,€MM€must€be€concerned€with€the€validityÐ ¬(ü#' Ðof€the€delegation€by€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€(c)€of€its€obligation€of€performance€to€MM.€€The€UCC€generally€permitsÐ ˜)è$( Ðthe€delegation€of€one€partyððs€duties€under€the€contract€to€another€party,€unless€the€original€partiesÐ „*Ô%) Ðindicted€otherwise.€€P€would€argue€that€the€provision€in€the€k€requiring€that€c€be€the€ð ðexclusiveÐ p+À&* Ðsupplierðð€was€sufficient€language€to€prevent€a€delegation.€€However,€the€readily€available€nature€ofÐ ° Ðthe€product€and€its€widely€known€ingredients€would€indicate€that€the€cheese€is€tangible€and€thereforeÐ œì Ðc€should€be€permitted€to€delegate€its€duty;€MM€would€also€argue€that€the€ð ðexclusive€supplierðð€isÐ ˆØ Ðinsufficient€to€prevent€an€assignment.€€P€may€request€assurances€from€MM€that€it€will€continue€toÐ tÄ Ðprovide€the€cheese€and€MM€must€provide€assurance€[2„210(b)].Ð `° Ðà  àÌà  àb.à ` àThe€contract€(k)€for€advertising€was€a€personal€service€k€not€capable€of€beingÐ 8 ˆ Ðperformed€within€1€year,€so€it€was€validly€reduced€to€a€writing.€€Like€the€sale€of€goods€k,€P€mustÐ $ t Ðhave€signed€the€agreement€in€order€for€MM€to€proceed€against€P.€€Assuming€P€signed€the€agreement,Ð  ` ÐMM€must€argue€that€the€delegation€of€duty€to€perform€this€service€k€was€valid.€€Personal€services€Ð ü L  Ðthat€require€skill€are€non„Ô_ÔdelegableÔ_Ô€by€that€party€owing€the€service.€€P€will€argue€that€the€delegation€Ð è 8  Ðò òó óof€advertising€responsibility€to€MM€was€invalid€b/c€such€a€duty€requires€skill€and€cannot€beÐ Ô$  Ðdelegated.Ð À  Ðà  àÌà  àc.à ` àIf€the€assumption€of€the€cheese€k€is€valid,€then€MM€would€be€able€to€recover€damagesÐ ˜è  Ðfor€Pððs€anticipatory€repudiation€of€the€rest€of€the€k.€€P€would€be€in€breach€and€thus€liable€to€MM€forÐ „Ô  Ðdamages.€€MM€would€be€able€to€recover€expectation€damages€from€P€of€the€value€of€the€remainingÐ pÀ Ðk,€about€$1,000,000.€€However,€from€this€MM€would€have€to€subtract€the€price€he€gets€from€anotherÐ \¬ Ðbuyer€to€whom€he€is€able€to€sell€the€cheese.€€Or€if€MM€is€a€lost€volume€seller€then€he€may€recoverÐ H˜ Ðhis€lost€profits.Ð 4„ Ðà  àÌà  àEven€if€the€court€determines€the€delegation€of€the€service€k€to€be€valid,€it€is€very€unlikely€toÐ  \ Ðorder€specific€performance,€instead,€it€would€award€monetary€damages€for€Pððs€breach,€the€value€ofÐ øH Ð1€year€or€about€$250,000€from€which€MM€would€have€to€subtract€any€money€it€saves€from€notÐ ä4 Ðhaving€to€perform.Ð Ð  Ðà  àÌà  àIf€the€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô€of€either€k€is€denied,€then€MM€would€want€to€sue€c€for€damages€probablyÐ ¨ø Ðunder€the€sale€contract€between€the€two€for€not€providing€its€bargained€for€consideration.Ð ”ä ÐÓ  Óò òÌÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2à0 @ àà0 @ àó óÐ X ¨ ÐÓ  Óà  àÌà  àA.à ` àÔ_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€can€probably€enforce€the€supply€contract€against€Pete.€€Because€the€Ð 0"€  Ðcontract€does€not€contain€an€explicit€prohibition€against€Ô_ÔassignabilityÔ_Ô,€the€contract€is€assignable€byÐ #l! ÐÔ_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô,€unless€the€service€or€product€to€be€supplied€by€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€is€such€that€it€cannot€be€assignedÐ $X" Ðwithout€causing€substantial€harm€to€Pete€(e.g.,€if€the€product€or€service€are€truly€unique€to€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_ÔÐ ô$D # Ðand€to€Peteððs€needs).€€In€this€case,€the€supply€contract€is€for€a€kind€of€cheese€that€is€readily€availableÐ à%0!$ Ðfrom€other€suppliers,€so€it€is€a€commodity€and€not€unique.€€Thus,€the€contract€will€withstandÐ Ì&"% Ðassignment€to€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini.Ð ¸'#& ÐÓ  Óà @ àò òó óà0 @ àà0 @ àà0 @ àà0 @ àà0 @ àÓ>³Ó€€€€à0  à€€Ð¤(ô#'(#(# Ðà  àB.à ` àIt€is€debatable€whether€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€can€enforce€the€advertising€contract.€€Using€the€Ð )à$( Ðsame€analysis€as€above,€it€is€unclear€whether€the€advertising€services€are€unique€enough€to€preventÐ |*Ì%) Ðassignment€of€the€contract.€€The€ad€design€work€is€most€likely€to€be€considered€a€unique€talentÐ h+¸&* ÐÑOa Ñâ âÑ°°Ñâ âÑ  Ñbecause€of€the€creativity€involved€(unless€Pete€has€relied€on€Ô_ÔCheezeÔ_Ô€solely€for€plain,€unimaginativeÐ ° Ðads),€while€the€production€and€coordination€work€is€more€commodity„like.€€Also,€by€waiting€overÐ œì Ða€month€to€terminate€the€contract,€Pete€might€have€waived€his€rights€to€do€so€if€the€delay€was€deemedÐ ˆØ Ðunreasonable.€€However,€this€is€unlikely,€given€the€relatively€short€notice€period€(one€month).Ð tÄ Ðà  àÌà  àC.à ` àÔ_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€can€recover€expectation€damages€only€and€not€consequential€damages€orÐ L œ Ðspecific€performance.€€Expectation€damages€are€those€damages€that€the€plaintiff€would€have€receivedÐ 8 ˆ Ðhad€the€contract€been€fully€performed.€€In€this€case,€the€expectation€damages€amount€to€the€foregoneÐ $ t Ðprofits€that€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Mini€would€have€earned€had€Pete€not€repudiated€the€contracts.Ð  ` Ðà  àÌà  àFor€supply€contract,€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Miniððs€foregone€profits€would€likely€be€calculated€based€on€aÐ è 8  Ðreasonable€forecast€of€Peteððs€cheese€purchases€for€the€year€remaining€on€the€contract.€€BecauseÐ Ô$  ÐPeteððs€cheese€purchases€had€approximated€$1€million€per€year€for€the€previous€three€years,€Ô_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Ð À  ÐMini€can€reasonably€fix€the€sales€forecast€(from€which€expected€profit€would€be€calculated)€at€theÐ ¬ü  Ðsame€level€based€on€Peteððs€past€performance.Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌà  àÔ_ÔMegaÔ_Ô„Miniððs€ability€to€recover€foregone€profits€from€the€advertising€contract€will€depend€onÐ pÀ Ðwhether€the€contract€was€validly€assigned.€€If€it€was,€then€the€foregone€profits€would€also€beÐ \¬ Ðcalculated€based€on€a€reasonable€forecast€based€on€Peteððs€past€performance€on€the€contract.Ð H˜ ÐÔ#†Xà XXX8_› #ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»XXà º #ÔÌÌà@ìì*ìàò òó óˆÌÓÇnÓÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò òÔ‡Xà X»¼¾ÜÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÐ  ŽÞ ÐÑOaÑâ âÑ°°Ñâ âÑ  ÑÓ  ÓQUESTION€5Ô#†Xà XXX8_¥¾#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_†¾#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?Ôó óÐ ° ÐÓ¿ÓÓ  ÓÓÓà  àò òò òó óó óMax€and€Morley€are€identical€twin€brothers€who€inherited,€in€equal€shares,€all€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðmember€interests€of€Doughnut€Heaven,€LLC€(ð ðHeavenðð),€a€successful€Maryland€limited€liabilityÐ tÄ Ðcompany.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àMax€and€Morley€are€unable€to€agree€on€significant€management€decisions.€€A€disputeÐ 8 ˆ Ðarises€over€the€repayment€of€money€loaned€by€Max€to€Heaven€that€was€used€by€Morley€for€bothÐ $ t Ðbusiness€and€personal€reasons.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àMax€decides€that€he€can€no€longer€work€with€Morley,€and€consults€with€Heavenððs€lawyer,Ð è 8  ÐAmanda€Attorneyò òó óò ò€ó óÔ#†¼g?»XX8_™¿#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_W¿#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôto€find€out€how€he€can€personally€remove€Morley€from€the€business.€€AmandaÐ Ô$  Ðis€a€recent€law€graduate€who€practices€law€in€Ô_ÔLewesÔ_Ô,€Delaware.€€She€is€not€a€member€of€theÐ À  ÐMaryland€Bar.€€Amanda€advises€Max€that€to€assist€him€she€expects€to€receive€an€interest€in€theÐ ¬ü  Ðbusiness€as€part€of€her€fee.Ô#†Xà XXX8_+Ã#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_éÂ#ÔÐ ˜è  Ðò òó óÌà  àÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_êÄ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔDuring€one€of€Heavenððs€business€meetings€at€its€headquarters€in€Easton,€Maryland,€Max,Ð –æ Ðwithout€Morleyððs€knowledge,€instructs€Amanda€to€immediately€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€create€Doughnut€Universe,Ð ‚Ò ÐLLC€(ð ðUniverseðð),€a€Maryland€limited€liability€company,€(ii)€issue€the€member€interests€90%€toÐ n¾ ÐMax€and€10%€to€Amanda,€and€(iii)€prepare€any€documents€to€transfer€all€of€Heavenððs€assets€toÐ Zª ÐUniverse.€€In€addition€to€the€member€interests,€Amanda€will€receive€from€Max€her€hourly€rate€ofÐ F– Ð$350€for€preparing€the€necessary€documents.€€Ð 2‚ ÐÔ#†Xà XXX8_–Å#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_TÅ#ÔÌà  àÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_zÈ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔMax€and€Amanda€refuse€to€answer€Morleyððs€telephone€calls€regarding€Heaven.€Ð 0€ ÐConsequently,€Morley€files€a€complaint€with€the€Attorney€Grievance€Commission€of€Maryland.€Ð l ÐMax€and€Amanda€fail€to€respond€to€the€Commissionððs€several€requests€for€information.€€Ô#†Xà XXX8_ É#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_ÉÈ#ÔÐ X ÐÌà  àÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_yÊ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔYou€are€the€assistant€bar€counsel€assigned€to€investigate€Morleyððs€complaint€and€youÐ V Ðhave€confirmed€the€above€facts.€€Ô#†Xà XXX8_Ë#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_ÝÊ#Ôò òÐ òB Ðà  àó óÌà  àò òÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_îË#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔIs€there€any€basis€for€disciplinary€action€against€Amanda?€€Explain€your€answerÐ ð @ Ðfully.à  àÔ#†Xà XXX8_©Ì#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_gÌ#Ôó óÐ Ü!, ÐÌò òÓ  Óò òó óÔ#†¼¾Ü»»¼g?aÍ#ÔÔ‡Xà X»¼¾ÜÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWERÔ#†Xà XXX8_Î#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_ôÍ#Ôó ó€ò òÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_jÎ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô1Ô#†Xà XXX8_õÎ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_³Î#Ôó óÐ Ú#*! ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_8Ï#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔPossible€violation€of€Professional€Rules€of€Conduct:Ô#†Xà XXX8_áÏ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_ŸÏ#ÔÐ þ%N!# ÐÌà  à(Ô‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_WÐ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô1)à ` àòòConflict€of€Interestóó:€€As€the€facts€indicate,€Amanda€(A)€is€the€attorney€for€Heaven.€Ð ü'L#% ÐAn€attorney€must€not€represent€a€party€if€that€partyððs€interests€are€directly€adverse€to€anotherÐ )^$& Ðclient€or€if€representing€the€party€would€materially€limit€the€duties€owed€to€the€other€client.€€AÐ ú)J%' Ðclient€can€obtain€the€signed€waiver€of€all€affected€parties,€but€waiver€is€only€valid€if€the€attorneyÐ æ*6&( Ðis€reasonable€in€thinking€that€representing€both€parties€will€not€have€an€adverse€impact€on€eitherÐ Ò+"') Ðor€both€parties.Ô#†Xà XXX8_þÐ#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»XXà ¼Ð#ÔÔ‡¼g?»»¼¾ÜÔò òÐ ° Ðà  àÌà  àà ` àó óÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_ÑÓ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔAs€counsel€for€Heaven,€A€can€not€represent€one€of€the€memberððs€if€the€memberððsÐ ®þ Ðinterests€are€adverse€to€the€LLC.€€Although€the€LLC€might€want€to€remove€Morley€for€hisÐ šê Ðcommingling€of€LLC€funds,€it€is€not€proper€for€A€to€represent€Max€in€his€personal€attempt€toÐ †Ö Ðremove€Morley.€€Moreover,€creating€a€competing€venture€(Doughnut€Universe,€LLC)€andÐ r  Ðtransferring€Heavenððs€assets€to€Universe€are€certainly€not€in€the€best€interest€of€Heaven.Ð ^ ® Ðà  àÌà  à(2)à ` àòòBusiness€Transactions€with€Clientsóó:€€An€attorney€can€not€enter€a€businessÐ 6 † Ðtransaction€with€a€client,€unless€the€client€receives€a€fair€and€reasonable€deal€and€is€advised€toÐ " r  Ðseek€independent€counsel.€€A€will€argue€that€this€was€merely€the€fee€arrangement,€but€this€is€alsoÐ ^  Ðseen€as€a€business€transaction.Ð úJ  Ðà  àÔ#†Xà XXX8_rÔ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_0Ô#Ôò òÌà  àó óÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_ŽØ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô(3)à ` àòòReasonable€Feesóó:€€Either€stock€or€a€member€of€interest€is€a€valid€form€of€payment,Ð øH  Ðbut€it€must€still€be€reasonable€(and€it€is€subject€to€the€business€transaction€rule).€€To€determine€ifÐ ä4  Ðfee€is€reasonable,€we€look€at€the€complexity€and€novelty€of€case,€the€skill€and€experience€of€theÐ Ð  Ðlawyer,€the€amount€customarily€charged€by€others€in€similar€practice,€the€length€in€time€ofÐ ¼  Ðrepresentation€and€whether€representing€client€precludes€attorney€from€accepting€other€businessÐ ¨ø Ðbecause€of€conflicts€of€interest€that€arise.€€$350.00€an€hour€for€a€recent€graduate€practicing€inÐ ”ä ÐÔ_ÔLewesÔ_Ô,€Delaware,€plus€10%€interest€in€a€company€appears€unreasonable.Ô#†Xà XXX8_%Ù#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÔ#†¼g?»XX8_ãØ#Ôò òÐ €Ð Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àó óÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_“Ü#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô(4)à ` àòòUnauthorized€Practice€of€Lawóó:€€A€is€a€member€of€the€bar€in€Delaware€notÐ ~Î ÐMaryland.€€Although€an€out€of€state€attorney€can€handle€a€companyððs€legal€business€on€a€limitedÐ jº Ðbasis€(not€appear€in€court€on€behalf€of€client€without€pro€hoc€vice),€all€of€Heavenððs€businessÐ V¦ Ðappears€to€be€in€Maryland.€€Under€these€facts,€A€appears€to€have€engaged€in€the€unauthorizedÐ B’ Ðpractice€of€law.Ð .~ ÐÌà  à(5)à ` àòòDuty€to€Communicateóó:€A€has€duty€to€communicate€with€her€clients.€€Her€failure€toÐ V Ðcommunicate€with€Morley€on€behalf€of€Heaven€violates€this€duty.€€A€must€keep€in€close€contactÐ òB Ðwith€client€and€return€calls.Ð Þ. ÐÌÓ  Óò òÔ#†¼g?»XX8_Ý#ÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_WÝ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÌÌÌÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ô#†Xà XXX8_ á#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»XXà Èà#Ôó óÔ‡¼g?»»¼¾ÜÔò òÐ f%¶ # ÐÌÓ  Óó óÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_á#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔThere€are€several€bases€for€disciplining€Amanda:Ð d'´"% ÐÌà  à(1)à ` àAmanda€(A)€is€not€licensed€in€Maryland€to€practice€law.€€While€there€is€theÐ <)Œ$' Ðexception€allowing€corporation€attorneysðð€to€provide€counseling€and€guidance€in€their€functionsÐ (*x%( Ðas€corporate€counsel,€they€can€not€go€beyond€that€limited€amount€of€legal€work.€€When€sheÐ +d&) Ðprepared€the€documents€for€Universe€for€an€hourly€fee,€she€violated€Maryland€rules€regardingÐ ,P'* Ðunauthorized€practice€of€law.Ð ° ÐÌà  à(2)à ` àA€is€Doughnut€Heavenððs€(DH)€lawyer.€€As€such€she€has€a€fiduciary€duty€toÐ ˆØ Ðrepresent€DH,€not€either€Max€or€Morley€individually.€€When€Max€asked€A€what€he€could€do€toÐ tÄ Ðget€Morley€out€of€the€business,€she€was€duty€bound€to€tell€Max€that€she€was€DHððs€attorney€and€asÐ `° Ðsuch€Max€would€have€to€acquire€his€own€attorney€to€investigate€such€matters.€€Additionally,€sheÐ L œ Ðwas€duty€bound€to€advise€Morley€of€Maxððs€statement.€€Since€there€is€no€way€that€A€can€remainÐ 8 ˆ Ðfree€of€the€coming€conflict€between€Max€and€Morley,€she€can€not€represent€either€one.Ð $ t ÐÌà  à(3)à ` àA€also€was€under€an€obligation€not€to€create€Universe€without€notifying€MorleyÐ ü L  Ðand€getting€his€consent.€€Her€actions€are€another€violation€of€her€duties.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  à(4)à ` àA€should€not€receive€a€part€of€the€new€business€without€telling€Max€to€get€anotherÐ À  Ðattorney€for€independent€advice.€€To€protect€herself,€she€should€have€Max€make€sure€anotherÐ ¬ü  Ðattorney€looks€at€the€transaction€so€that€she€will€not€be€seen€as€violating€the€Maryland€rulesÐ ˜è  Ðregarding€fairness€in€a€transaction€where€the€lawyer€receives€a€part€of€a€company.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà  à(5)à ` àA€also€violated€her€duty€to€keep€the€owners€of€DH€informed.€€Aððs€refusal€toÐ\¬` (#` (# Ðreturn€Morleyððs€phone€calls,€as€well€as€her€failure€to€reply€to€the€Commissionððs€various€requestsÐ H˜ Ðis€a€violation€of€her€duties€under€the€Maryland€rules.Ð 4„ ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà  à(6)à ` àA€can€also€be€disciplined€for€implying€that€she€could€help€Max€oust€his€brotherÐ \` (#` (# Ðin€exchange€for€an€interest€in€the€business.€€Her€fees€appear€excessive.€€This€violates€her€dutiesÐ øH Ðunder€the€rules€of€professional€conduct.Ð ä4 ÐÌÔ#†Xà XXX8_â#ÔÔ#†¼¾Ü»XXà Ôá#ÔÌà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌÌÌÌò òÓ  Óó óÌÓfíÓò òÔ‡¼g?»»¼¾ÜÔÔ‡X8_X»¼g?ÔÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ ø+H') ЇQUESTION€6€ó óÐ ° ÐÓÇíÓÌÓúÓÓ  ÓÓE1°°O` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXEÓà O àAl€and€Brenda€began€living€together€in€Brendaððs€apartment€in€Pittsburgh,€Pennsylvania€in€1997.Ð ˆØ ÐA€child,€Sally,€was€born€to€them€in€1998.€Because€of€complications€arising€out€of€Sallyððs€birth,Ð ‚Ò ÐBrenda€became€disabled€and€began€receiving€$1,200€per€month€in€Social€Security€disabilityÐ |Ì Ðpayments.€At€the€same€time€Sally€began€receiving€Social€Security€dependency€benefits€of€$400€perÐ v Æ Ðmonth.Ð p À ÐÌà O àIn€1999,€Al€purchased€Ô#†¼g?»XX8_¨í#ÔÔ‡ÂÄ Â»¼g?ÔÔ#†Â=  ÂÂĉí#ÔÔ‡   ÂÂ=Ôin€Ô#† ¼Š•»   Âð#ÔÔ‡ Xö4X» ¼Š•ÔÔ#†Xà XX Xö4ñ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôhis€own€name€a€townhouse€rental€property€in€Cumberland,€MarylandÐ d ´ Ðfor€$100,000.€He€put€$50,000€down€from€his€savings,€and€secured€a€first€mortgage€for€$50,000.€TheÐ ^ ®  Ðrent€received€from€the€townhouse€was€sufficient€to€satisfy€the€monthly€mortgage€payments€in€theirÐ X¨  Ðentirety.Ð R¢  ÐÌà O àIn€2002€Al€and€Brenda€were€married€in€Pennsylvania.€€As€a€wedding€present€Alððs€father€gaveÐ F–  Ðhim€1000€shares€in€Turk,€Inc.€In€December€2002€Al€used€his€employment€bonus€to€purchase€aÐ @  Ð$12,000€interest€in€a€mutual€fund€Ô#†¼g?»XX8_Iñ#ÔÔ‡ÂÄ Â»¼g?ÔÔ#†Â=  ÂÂÄ‹ñ#ÔÔ‡   ÂÂ=Ôin€Ô#† ¼Š•»   ;ô#ÔÔ‡ Xö4X» ¼Š•ÔÔ#†Xà XX Xö4}ô#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôhis€own€name.Ð :Š ÐÌÓúÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°OŒXHÓÓ  ÓÌà  àIn€December€2003€Al€and€Brenda€moved€to€Maryland€and€set€up€residence€in€AlððsÐ j ÐCumberland€townhouse.€Al€paid€his€monthly€mortgage€payments€from€his€earnings.€Al€alsoÐ V Ðreceived€an€additional€500€shares€of€Turk,€Inc.€based€on€a€stock€split€in€December€2003.Ð òB ÐÌà  àIn€June€2004,€Al€learned€that€Brenda€was€having€an€affair€with€their€next€door€neighborÐ Ê Ðwhen€he€caught€Brenda€in€his€bed€with€his€neighbor.Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àAl€contacts€Charles,€an€attorney€who€regularly€handles€domestic€relations€mattersÐ ŽÞ Ðconcerning€his€domestic€situation.€He€asks€Charles€the€following€questions:Ð zÊ ÐÌÓE1°°Yy` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°XEÓà Y àò òa.à y àCan€he€file€for€an€absolute€divorce€in€Maryland€at€this€time?Ð R¢ ÐÌà Y àb.à y àIn€a€successful€divorce€action€is€he€entitled€to€any€of€Brendaððs€Social€SecurityÐ *!z Ðdisability€benefits?Ð "f ÐÌà Y àc.à y àDoes€Brenda€have€any€entitlement€to€Alððs€previously€described€òòassets?€óó(townhouse,Ð î#>! Ðstock€in€Turk,€Inc.,€mutual€fund)Ð Ú$* " ÐÌà Y àd.à y àWhat€impact€does€Sallyððs€Social€Security€Disability€and€dependency€paymentsÐ ²&"$ Ðhave€on€child€support€that€might€be€payable€by€Al€or€Brenda€as€the€result€of€a€custodyÐ ž'î"% Ðdispute?Ð Š(Ú#& ÐÌÓN1°°Y` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°Yy` ‹XNÓà Y àHow€should€Charles€respond€to€each€of€the€inquiries?€Explain€fully.Ð b*²%( Ðà Y àÌÓÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°YŒXHÓÐ :,Š'* ÐÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€1Ð ° ÐÓÜüÓÓúÓÓE1°°Y` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°XEÓòòó óóóà Y àà  àÌÓúÓà Y àA.€Charles€should€tell€Al€that€he€can€file€for€an€absolute€divorce€at€this€time.€€Normally,€aÐ –æ Ðplaintiff€in€a€divorce€case€must€have€lived€in€Maryland€for€one€year€prior€to€filing€for€divorceÐ ‚Ò Ðhere.€€But,€in€this€case,€the€grounds€for€divorce€arose€in€Maryland,€so€Al€doesnððt€have€to€meet€theÐ n¾ Ðone€year€residency€requirements€ð!ð€he€simply€has€to€live€in€Maryland.€€Alððs€divorce€will€be€basedÐ Z ª Ðon€the€fault€ground€of€adultery.€€He€saw€Brenda€having€an€affair,€but€that€testimony€would€needÐ F – Ðto€be€corroborated€with€evidence€tending€to€show€opportunity€and€disposition€of€Brenda€toÐ 2 ‚ Ðcommit€adultery.€€But€he€can€file€for€absolute€divorce€at€this€time.Ð  n ÐÌà Y àB.€€Brendaððs€social€security€disability€benefits€began€before€Al€and€Brenda€were€married.€Ð ö F  ÐTherefore,€they€are€not€marital€property.€€Additionally,€they€were€granted€to€compensate€her€for€aÐ â2  Ðpersonal€injury.€€As€such,€Al€is€not€entitled€to€share€her€disability€benefits.Ð Î  Ðò òó óÓ  ÓÓK1°°Y` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°YŒXKÓÌà Y àC.€€Townhouse€ð!ð€Alððs€townhouse€was€purchased€before€they€were€married.€€But,€it€became€theÐ ¦ö  Ðfamily€residence€in€2003€when€they€moved€into€it.€€Brenda€likely€contributed€to€its€upkeep€in€someÐ ’â  Ðway,€thus€making€it€considered€as€marital€property.€€If€she€were€to€become€the€custodial€parent,€sheÐ ~Î Ðwould€also€be€entitled€to€remain€in/possess€the€home€for€up€to€three€years.Ð jº ÐÌà Y àStock€ð!ð€Alððs€stock€was€received€as€a€wedding€present.€€Therefore,€it€falls€into€the€maritalÐ B’ Ðproperty€category€even€though€it€was€given€to€just€Al.€€Brenda€would€be€entitled€to€a€fair€share€ofÐ .~ Ðthe€stock.Ð j ÐÌà Y àMutual€Fund€ð!ð€Brenda€is€also€entitled€to€part€of€the€value€of€the€mutual€fund.€€Al€purchased€theÐ òB Ðfund€with€his€employment€bonus€after€they€were€married.€€It€does€not€matter€that€the€fund€wasÐ Þ. Ðpurchased€with€money€that€Al€alone€earned.€€But,€the€court€may€consider€at€what€point€in€2002€AlÐ Ê Ðand€Brenda€were€married.€€If€it€was€close€to€the€date€of€the€December€purchase€of€the€fund,€the€courtÐ ¶ Ðmay€fairly€allocate€a€larger€portion€to€Al€because€his€bonus€was€based€on€employment€from€beforeÐ ¢ò Ðthey€were€married.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà Y àD.€Brendaððs€social€security€dependency€benefits€may€be€considered€part€of€Brendaððs€incomeÐ f ¶ Ðwhen€determining€the€payments€to€be€made.€€If€Brenda€were€to€become€the€custodial€parent,€sheÐ R!¢ Ðwouldnððt€have€to€ð ðpayðð€because€her€contribution€would€be€providing€necessities€for€the€child.€€ButÐ >"Ž  Ðif€she€was€not€the€custodial€parent,€then€her€income€could€include€the€amount€from€social€security.Ð *#z! ÐÌà Y àThe€disability€payments€were€granted€to€her€specifically€because€of€an€injury€and€cannot€beÐ %R # Ðconsidered€by€the€court€when€determining€income€of€the€parties€for€a€child€support€decision.Ð î%>!$ ÐÓ  ÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°YŒXHÓò òÌREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€2ó óÐ Æ'#& ÐÓ  ÓÓE1°°Y` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°XEÓÌà Y àA.€€Al€can€file€for€absolute€divorce€at€this€time.€€While€neither€Al€or€Brenda€have€resided€inÐ ž)î$( ÐMaryland€for€a€€year,€the€adultery€took€place€in€Cumberland€County€and€so€Maryland€has€jurisdiction€Ð Š*Ú%) ÐÐ v+Æ&* ÐÔ_Ô‡over€the€marriage.€€Alððs€grounds€are€fault€based€adultery,€and€no€waiting€period€is€required.€€The€factÐ ° Ðthat€the€marriage€was€in€Pennsylvania€is€irrelevant.€€The€Circuit€Court€has€jurisdiction€over€theÐ œì Ðmarriage€and€personal€jurisdiction€over€all€parties.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà Y àB.€There€is€no€entitlement€to€Brendaððs€SSDI€benefits,€although€they€are€income€and€a€factor€inÐ `° Ðcalculating€distribution€and€alimony€they€operate€like€personal€injury€awards€and€are€not€consideredÐ L œ Ðmarital€property.€€So€the€court€may€not€distribute€them.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà Y àC.€Brenda€has€no€interest€or€entitlement€to€the€Turk€stock€because€they€were€a€gift€specificallyÐ  ` Ðto€Al,€the€passive€appreciation€of€the€split€is€also€not€marital€property.€€Brenda€does€have€an€interestÐ ü L  Ðin€the€mutual€fund,€regardless€of€title,€since€it€was€purchased€from€income€during€the€marriage.Ð è 8  ÐÌÓK1°°Y` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°YŒXKÓà Y àThe€townhouse€is€trickier.€€Al€did€own€the€townhouse€before€the€marriage€and€so€it€is€notÐ À  Ðtechnically€marital€property.€€However,€Al€is€managing€the€investment€(at€least€by€paying€theÐ ¬ü  Ðmortgage€from€marital€income).€€Brenda€likely€is€entitled€to€the€active€participation€appreciation€andÐ ˜è  Ðthe€portion€of€the€value€that€the€marital€income€paid€in€mortgage€payments€but€may€not€have€anÐ „Ô  Ðinterest€in€the€first€$100,000€down€payment.Ð pÀ ÐÌà Y àD.€Sallyððs€dependency€payments€through€Brenda€will€be€an€equitable€factor€in€calculating€childÐ H˜ Ðsupport.€€It€will€likely€be€included€in€Brendaððs€income€when€the€Circuit€Court€Master€calculates€childÐ 4„ Ðsupport€using€the€chart.€€So€the€effect€will€raise€the€overall€combined€income€used€to€determineÐ  p Ðsupport€amount€and€will€count€towards€Brendaððs€support€contribution,€if€any.Ð  \ ÐÓÓÔ#†¼g?»XX8_Âô#ÔÔ‡£W»¼g?ÔÔ#†{À£Wõ#ÔÔ‡£W{ÀÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ |+Ì&4 ЇÓ  Óà @Y àà @ àò òÔ#†¼g?»£W7#ÔÓì¿ÓÓÓÔ€X8_X»¼g?ÔÔ#†Xà XXX8_y#ÔÔ‡Xà XXXà ÔÔ‡‹Æš‹XXà ÔQuestion€7Ð ° Ðó óÓ¸ÓÌà Y àÔ#†Xà X‹‹Æš‹#ÔIn€2004,€the€Supreme€Court€of€the€State€of€Westover€ruled€that€provisions€of€the€WestoverÐ ° ÐCode€prohibiting€marriage€between€persons€of€the€same€sex€violate€the€Equal€Protection€and€DueÐ œì ÐProcess€provisions€of€both€the€Westover€State€Constitution€and€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€to€theÐ ˆØ ÐUnited€States€Constitution.Ð t Ä ÐÌà Y àTwo€months€later,€Congress€enacted,€and€the€President€signed€into€law,€the€Federal€MarriageÐ L œ ÐAct€(the€"Act")€which€provides:€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà Y àSection€1€of€the€Act:€(a)€declares€that€the€recent€decision€by€the€Westover€state€court,€if€adoptedÐ `  Ðnationally,€would€raise€profound€societal,€legal€and€economic€problems;€(b)€states€that€the€issuesÐ üL  Ðcreated€by€same€sex€unions€are€suitable€for€a€uniform,€national€resolution€and€that€Congress€needsÐ è8  Ða€period€of€three€years€to€adopt€such€a€solution€in€an€orderly€fashion;€and€(c)€states€that€the€Act€hasÐ Ô$  Ðbeen€enacted€pursuant€to€Section€5€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment,€which€grants€to€Congress€theÐ À  Ðauthority€"to€enforce,€by€appropriate€legislation,€the€provisions"€of€that€amendment.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà Y àSection€2€declares€that€neither€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€nor€any€analogous€state€or€local€lawÐ „Ô Ðrenders€invalid€any€prohibition€against€same€sex€marriages;Ð pÀ ÐÌà Y àSection€3€provides€that,€while€the€Act€is€in€effect,€any€federal,€state€or€local€official€whoÐ H˜ Ðpresides€over€a€same€sex€marriage€or€who€issues€a€marriage€license€to€two€persons€of€the€same€sexÐ 4„ Ðis€guilty€of€a€misdemeanor€punishable€by€a€fine€of€$500;€Ð  p ÐÌà Y àSection€4€requires€federal,€state€or€local€law€enforcement€officers€to€investigate€any€credibleÐ øH Ðreport€of€a€violation€of€the€prohibition€contained€in€the€previous€paragraph€and€to€make€an€arrestÐ ä4 Ðwhenever€probable€cause€exists€after€investigation;Ð Ð  ÐÌà Y àSection€5€prohibits€any€state€from€enacting€legislation€allowing€same€sex€marriages;€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà Y àSection€6€states€that€the€Act€will€expire€three€years€after€its€enactment;Ð € Ð ÐÌà Y àSection€7€provides€that€the€invalidity€of€any€section€of€the€Act€will€not€affect€the€remainingÐ X"¨  Ðprovisions€of€the€Act.Ð D#”! ÐÌà Y àò òDescribe€each€of€the€constitutional€grounds€on€which€the€Act€or€any€of€its€sections€can€beÐ %l # Ðattacked.€€How€is€a€court€likely€to€rule?€€Explain€your€answer€thoroughly.ó óÐ &X!$ ÐÌà@ìì*ìàˆÌÌÌÌÔ_ÔÐ +à&* Їò òÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWERó ó€ò ò1ó óÐ ° ÐÓ"ÓÌà Y àThe€federal€judiciary€is€not€likely€to€uphold€this€Act€(Federal€Marriage€Act€=€Act).€€The€ActÐ ŒÜ Ðis€subject€to€several€constitutional€attacks,€The€most€fundamental€flaw€in€the€Act€is€that€it€violatesÐ xÈ Ðthe€constitutionððs€separation€of€powers€by€presuming€that€Congress€(acting€with€the€President)€has€Ð d´ Ðthe€authority€to€interpret€and€enforce€the€Constitution.€€It€is€the€law€of€the€land€that€the€courts,€notÐ P   ÐCongress,€have€the€duty€to€say€what€the€law€is.€€The€entire€Act€is€predicated€on€the€notion,€asÐ < Œ Ðdeclared€in€Section€2€of€the€Act,€that€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€does€not€protect€same„sexÐ ( x Ðmarriages.€€It€is€the€role€of€the€judiciary€(ultimately€Supreme€Court)€not€the€Congress€to€decide€thatÐ  d Ðissue.Ð  P  ÐÌà Y àMoreover,€Congress€asserts€that€this€Act€is€being€created€by€its€authority€under€ðð€5€of€the€14òòthóóÐ Ø(  ÐAmendment.€€See€ðð1,€paragraph€c)€of€the€Act.€€Under€ðð€5€of€the€14òòthóó€Amendment,€Congress€may€notÐ Ä  Ðenlarge€or€alter€the€scope€of€rights€guaranteed€(as€recorded€by€the€Courts)€by€the€Constitution;€it€mayÐ °  Ðonly€enact€laws€aimed€to€prevent€or€remedy€violations€€of€existing€rights.€€Such€measures€must€beÐ œì  Ðcognizant€and€proportionate€to€the€harm€sought€to€be€prevented.€€This€is€not€a€valid€use€of€ðð5€powerÐ ˆØ  Ðby€Congress€since€the€Act€alters€the€rights€that€are€currently€recognized€(namely€Due€Process€andÐ tÄ ÐEqual€Protection€rights.)Ð `° ÐÌà Y àThe€Act€also€suffers€from€federalism€problems.€€The€Act€is€essentially€ordering€all€state€courtsÐ 8ˆ Ðand€legislatures€to€cease€enacting€and€upholding€same„sex€marriage€laws.€€The€Act€asks€for€a€3€yearÐ $t Ðperiod€which€Congress€can€act€(See€ðð1€(b)€and€ðð5€prohibits€states€from€enacting€legislation.€€TheseÐ ` Ðprovisions€arguably€violate€the€Tenth€Amendment€and€the€anti„commandeering€principles€whichÐ üL Ðflow€from€it.€€The€Act€also€seeks€to€punish€state€and€local€officials€who€carry€out€their€stateððs€lawsÐ è8 Ð(see€ðð3)€by€making€it€a€crime€to€issue€marriage€laws.€€Congressðð€attempt€to€preempt€state€law€willÐ Ô$ Ðbe€unenforceable€where,€as€here,€Congress€is€not€acting€pursuant€to€valid€authority.Ð À ÐÌà Y àSection€4€of€the€Act€also€has€4òòthóó€Amendment€problems.€€The€Act€asks€citizens€to€basically€spyÐ ˜è Ðon€and€report€each€other€to€the€authorities.€€The€standard€authorizing€police€investigation€is€ð ðcredibleÐ „Ô Ðreport.ðð€€This€may€be€Ô_ÔoverbroadÔ_Ô€and€vague.€€There€are€also€anti„commandeering€problems€with€thisÐ pÀ Ðprovision€because€state€and€locate€officers€are€being€ordered€to€enforce€federal€law.Ð \ ¬ ÐÌà Y àFinally,€individuals€may€attack€this€Act€based€on€the€Equal€Protection€and€Due€Process€clausesÐ 4"„  Ðof€the€Fourteenth€Amendment.€€Congress€is€seeking€to€treat€some€citizens€differently€than€others€inÐ  #p! Ðan€area€generally€recognized€to€be€a€fundamental€right€(privacy€and€family).€€Individuals€may€alsoÐ  $\" Ðseek€to€invalidate€the€law€as€a€violation€of€privacy€rights€since€it€invades€on€same„sex€relationshipsÐ ø$H # Ð(recently€the€Supreme€Court€held€states€could€not€interfere€there)€and€family€life.Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌà@ìì*ìàò òˆÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ l+¼&* ÐREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ ° ÐÓ§0ÓÌà Y àThe€Act€poses€an€issue€of€state€versus€federal€power.€€The€10òòthóó€Amendment€reserves€all€powersÐ ˆØ Ðnot€expressly€granted€to€the€federal€government€for€the€states.€€The€area€of€marriage€has€traditionally€Ð tÄ Ðbeen€an€area€in€which€states€not€the€federal€government€regulate.€€The€Act€usurps€the€statesðð€Ð `° Ðtraditional€power€over€marriage€by€postulating€a€uniform,€national€resolution€of€Congress€to€decideÐ L œ Ðthe€issue.€€Section€5€of€the€Act€in€particular,€which€prohibits€a€state€from€enacting€legislationÐ 8 ˆ Ðallowing€same€sex€marriage,€takes€a€traditional€state€power€over€an€area€(without€any€power€to€doÐ $ t Ðso)€away€from€states.Ð  ` ÐÌà Y àThe€Act€relies€on€Section€5€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€for€its€power€and€authority.€€SectionÐ è 8  Ð5€allows€Congress€to€enact€laws€infringing€on€traditional€areas€of€state€or€if€Congress€acts€with€the€Ð Ô$  Ðpurpose€of€furthering€the€aims€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€such€as€remedying€specific€pastÐ À  Ðdiscrimination.€€The€Act€does€not€advance€the€interest€to€be€protected€by€the€Fourteenth€Amendment.€Ð ¬ü  ÐInstead€of€protecting€a€substantive€due€process€right€to€marry€or€an€equal€protection€right€to€marry,Ð ˜è  Ðit€strips€a€group€of€people€of€fundamental€rights.€€It€absolutely€prevents€same€sex€marriage€and€thusÐ „Ô  Ðcan€in€no€way€be€construed€as€a€power€needed€to€remedy€an€injustice€or€discrimination.Ð pÀ ÐÌà Y àFurthermore,€by€declaring€that€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€and€analogous€state/local€law€doesÐ H˜ Ðnot€render€invalid€a€prohibition€against€same€sex€marriage,€Congress€impermissibly€intrudes€of€theÐ 4„ Ðprocess€of€Judicial€Review.€€It€is€up€to€the€courts€to€decide€the€constitutionality€of€state€and€federalÐ  p Ðlaw€and€to€interpret€the€U.S.€Constitutionððs€provisions.€€Congress€cannot€decide€for€itself€what€rightsÐ  \ Ðare/are€not€protected€by€the€Constitution.Ð øH ÐÌà Y àSection€3€of€the€Act€violates€the€8òòthóó€Amendment€prohibition€against€cruel€and€unusualÐ Ð  Ðpunishment.€€The€Act€is€unconstitutional€on€forbidding€state€and€local€officials€from€issuing€sameÐ ¼  Ðsex€marriage€licenses€and€cannot€make€such€action€a€crime€punishable€with€a€fine.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà Y àFinally,€by€requiring€state€and€local€law€enforcement€to€enforce€the€Act,€Congress€is€makingÐ €Ð Ðimpermissible€use€of€the€state€police€power.€€Congress€cannot€co„opt€the€state€police€power€unless,Ð l¼ Ðpursuant€to€a€constitutional€exercise€of€power.€€There€the€Act€is€unconstitutional€and€CongressÐ X ¨ Ðcannot€force€the€state€to€enforce€it.€Ð D!” ÐÌà Y àFor€these€reasons,€a€court€is€likely€to€find€the€entire€Act€unconstitutional.Ð #l! ÐÌà@ìì*ìàò òˆ¹Ó  Óó óÌÓ=Óò òÓ  ÓÌÌÌÐ  )à$( ÐQUESTION€8ó óÐ ° ÐÓ%=ÓÌà Y àCarl€and€Roy€were€suspected€of€being€drug€dealers.€€Police€learned€that€Carl€frequently€visitedÐ ˆØ Ðan€apartment€in€Talbot€County,€Maryland,€which€was€leased€to€Roy.€€Police€began€to€observe€theÐ tÄ Ðapartment€and€saw€Carl€there€on€several€occasions.€€Eventually€the€police€gathered€sufficientÐ `° Ðinformation€to€obtain€a€search€warrant€for€the€apartment.€€Upon€entering€the€apartment€the€policeÐ L œ Ðsaw€Carl€and€Roy.€€Carlððs€hands€were€covered€with€cocaine€powder.€€During€the€search€the€policeÐ 8 ˆ Ðfound€a€large€amount€of€crack€cocaine,€a€set€of€scales,€plastic€Ô_ÔbaggiesÔ_Ô,€and€other€items€associatedÐ $ t Ðwith€the€process€of€changing€powdered€cocaine€into€crack€cocaine.€€In€addition,€a€photograph€of€CarlÐ  ` Ðkneeling€behind€several€stacks€of€money€was€found€in€a€backroom€of€the€apartment.€€Carl€and€RoyÐ ü L  Ðwere€placed€under€arrest€and€charged€with€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€distribute.Ð è 8  ÐÌà Y àCarl€admits€that€he€is€a€drug€user,€but€maintains€that€he€only€was€in€the€apartment€to€purchaseÐ À  Ðdrugs€from€Roy€for€his€own€use.€€Carl€claims€that€his€hands€were€covered€with€cocaine€powderÐ ¬ü  Ðbecause€he€was€testing€the€product€before€purchasing€it.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà Y àAt€trial,€the€State€introduces€evidence€ò òó óthrough€a€qualified€expert€witness€that€the€apartment€wasÐ pÀ Ða€ð ðstash€houseðð,€which€the€expert€claims€is€used€by€drug€dealers€to€store,€process€and€package€drugsÐ \¬ Ðfor€distribution.€€The€expert€testifies€that€drug€dealers€normally€do€not€sell€products€at€a€stash€house,Ð H˜ Ðand€tend€to€keep€the€location€of€a€stash€house€secret.€€The€State€also€attempts€to€introduce€intoÐ 4„ Ðevidence€in€its€case„in„chief€€the€following:€(a)€the€photograph€of€Carl€found€in€the€backroom€of€theÐ  p Ðapartment;€(b)€Carlððs€prior€conviction€of€misdemeanor€theft€in€1998;€and€(c)€Carlððs€offer€to€testifyÐ  \ Ðagainst€Roy€in€exchange€for€probation,€which€was€rejected€by€the€prosecutor.Ð øH ÐÌà Y àCarlððs€lawyer€objects€to€the€introduction€into€evidence€of€(a)€the€photograph;€(b)€Carlððs€priorÐ Ð  Ðconviction€of€burglary;€and€(c)€Carlððs€offer€to€testify€against€Roy€in€exchange€for€probation.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌò ò1.€€How€will€the€trial€court€rule€on€each€of€Carlððs€objections?€€Explain€the€basis€for€each€ruling.Ð ”ä ÐÌ2.€€Would€the€Courtððs€ruling€change€as€to€any€objection€if€the€evidence€were€offered€to€impeachÐ l¼ ÐCarlððs€testimony?€€Explain€your€answers.ó óÐ X ¨ ÐÌà@ìì*ìàò òˆÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óÐ #l! ÐÓ¨HÓÌòòà Y àPHOTOóó€€€The€cops€obtained€a€valid€search€warrant.€€Since€the€facts€stated€that€it€was€for€theÐ ô$D # Ðentire€apartment,€presumably,€the€photo€was€validly€obtained.€€Also,€Carl€did€not€have€an€expectationÐ à%0!$ Ðof€privacy€in€the€house€so€could€not€object€to€the€admission€under€the€ð ðfruitðð€doctrine.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà Y àCarl€may€object€to€the€introduction€based€on€relevance€and€appropriate€authentication.€€It€wouldÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhave€to€be€shown€that€the€money€behind€which€Carl€was€standing€is€somehow€related€to€this€trial€andÐ )à$( Ðwhere€and€when€the€picture€was€taken.€€If€this€isnððt€possible,€the€prejudicial€value€of€the€pictureÐ |*Ì%) Ðwould€outweigh€the€probative€value€since€a€jury€may€assume€Carl€is€a€criminal€because€he€had€soÐ h+¸&* Ðò òó ómuch€money€in€stacks.€€It€may€be€introduced€to€show€that€Carl€and€Roy€were€close,€but€again€thereÐ ° Ðis€still€too€much€of€a€prejudicial€effect.€€The€prosecution€may€say,€because€of€the€expertððs€testimony,Ð œì Ðthe€photo€is€necessary€to€prove€that€Carl€had€been€to€Royððs€frequently€and€that€he€was€not€there€toÐ ˆØ Ðdo€drugs/buy€drugs.€€The€location€of€the€picture€and€Royððs€holding€on€to€it€may€be€consideredÐ tÄ Ðrelevant.Ð `° ÐÌà Y àòòCONVICTIONóó€This€will€also€be€excluded.€€Evidence€of€prior€crimes€can€not€be€entered€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðshow€actions€at€issue€are€in€conformity€of€prior€actions.€€A€ð ðmimicðð€exception€because€it€is€anÐ $ t Ðunreached€crime,€if€anything,€it€may€assist€Carlððs€case€in€that€he€òòisóó€a€drug€òòuseróó€and€stole€to€supportÐ  ` Ðhis€habit.Ð ü L  ÐÌòòà Y àSETTLEMENT€OFFERóó€€€Offers€of€settlement€are€not€admissible€to€show€guilt.€€This€isÐ Ô$  Ðcontrary€to€public€policy€and€would€have€a€likely€effect€to€dissuade€settlement€negotiations.€Ð À  ÐEvidence€of€a€settlement€agreement€may€be€introduced€to€show€bias€if€Carl€testified€against€Roy.€[ItÐ ¬ü  Ðis€also€hearsay„offered€as€truth€of€the€fact€he€committed€the€crime.]Ð ˜è  ÐÌÌà Y àB.€€The€photograph€may€be€admitted€to€show€that€Carl€and€Roy€were€friendly€in€the€event€CarlÐ \¬ Ðtestified€he€was€just€trying€to€buy€drugs.€€Again,€the€court€would€have€to€give€specific€instructionsÐ H˜ Ðof€what€was€proven€by€the€photo,€and€may€still€exclude.Ð 4„ ÐÌòòà Y àCRIMEóó€€€In€MD,€evidence€of€past€crimes€can€be€used€to€impeach€if€dealing€with€truth€or€if€itÐ  \ Ðis€an€infamous€crime.€€Since€I€believe€this€requirement€mandates€the€crime€to€be€a€felony,€€I€donððtÐ øH Ðbelieve€it€could€be€introduced.€€Plus,€as€a€misdemeanor,€it€is€not€infamous.Ð ä4 ÐÌà Y àIf€Maryland€allows€introduction€of€misdemeanors,€so€long€as€the€crime€was€committed€withinÐ ¼  Ðthe€last€15€years,€it€may€be€OK€since€the€crime€is€of€a€different€nature€and€would€not€be€overlyÐ ¨ø Ðprejudicial.Ð ”ä ÐÌòòà Y àSETTLEMENTóó€€€Evidence€of€settlement€would€still€be€prohibited€for€public€policy€reasons.Ð l¼ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2€ó óÐ D!” ÐÓóUÓÌà Y à(a)€Foremost,€the€facts€do€not€indicate€that€the€search€warrant€was€sufficiently€specific€andÐ #l! Ðindicated€that€the€police€had€probably€cause€to€search€the€entire€apartment,€including€the€backroom.€Ð $X" ÐI€will€assume€that€the€police€had€a€valid€search€warrantÐ ô$D # ÐÌòòà Y àPhotographóó€€€A€trial€court€would€likely€rule€that€the€photograph€is€irrelevant€and€should€not€beÐ Ì&"% Ðadmitted€into€evidence.€€The€prosecution€is€offering€the€photo€as€his€case„in„chief€and€is€not€relevantÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence€since€it€does€not€show€that€a€fact€is€more€true€or€less€true.€€Even€if€the€photo€were€relevant,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðthe€probative€value€may€be€out€weighed€by€prejudice€(stacks€of€money.)Ð )à$( ÐÌòòà Y àPrior€Convictionóó€€€€Carlððs€prior€conviction€of€a€misdemeanor€in€1998€can€come€in€as€substantiveÐ h+¸&* Ðevidence€if€it€is€offered€to€show€motive,€intent,€common€scheme€or€identity€(ð ðmimicðð€crimes).€€InÐ ° Ðthe€present€case,€the€1998€conviction€for€theft€and€the€current€charges€are€for€drug€possession€and€Ð œì Ðò òó ópossible€intent€to€distribute.€€The€1998€conviction€is€therefore€not€relevant.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòà Y àCarlððs€testimony€against€Rayóó€€€The€offered€testimony€against€Roy€was€a€plea€bargain€on€the€partÐ `° Ðof€the€defense.€€While€this€is€clearly€relevant,€it€is€inadmissible.€€Offers€to€plead€guilty€or€withdrawnÐ L œ Ðguilty€pleas€are€inadmissible€as€part€of€the€prosecutionððs€case„in„chief.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà Y à(B)€€€€If€the€prior€òòconvictionóó€were€offered€as€impeachment€evidence,€it€would€be€admissible.€Ð  ` ÐPrior€acts€of€misconduct€are€admissible€as€impeachment€evidence€as€well€as€prior€convictions€forÐ ü L  Ða€felony€or€misdemeanor€for€a€crime€related€to€truth€or€honesty.€€€In€Maryland,€the€conviction€for€aÐ è 8  Ðfelony€or€misdemeanor€has€to€be€for€committing€an€ð ðinfamous€crimeðð,€such€as€theft,€and€has€to€beÐ Ô$  Ðwithin€15€years.€€Both€of€these€elements€are€satisfied€and€therefore,€came€in€as€impeachmentÐ À  Ðevidence.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà Y àThe€òòphotographóó€of€Carl€only€indicates€that€there€were€stacks€of€money.€€Photo€canððt€come€inÐ „Ô  Ða€s€a€prior€act€of€misconduct€because€extrinsic€evidence€is€not€permitted.€€It€also€can€not€come€inÐ pÀ Ðunder€any€other€category€for€impeachment.Ð \¬ ÐÌà Y àThe€offer€to€testify€is€also€not€admissible€as€impeachment€evidence.€€His€offer€to€testify€againstÐ 4„ ÐRoy€bears€little€relevance€on€his€own€testimony.Ð  p ÐÔ#†Xà XXXà l#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÌÓ  ÓÓH.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°YŒXHÓÔ#†Xà XXX8_Wa#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôò òó óÌÔ#†Xà XXX8_îa#ÔÌÌò òó óÌÓ  Óò òó óÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  Óò òÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÐ  h+¸&* ÐQUESTION€9ó óÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àOn€March€15,€2004,€the€day€after€her€eighteenth€birthday,€Donna€Doolittle€and€herÐ ˆØ Ðmother,€Eliza,€filed€a€suit€for€libel,€false€light€defamation,€and€intentional€infliction€of€emotionalÐ tÄ Ðdistress€against€Louella€Parsnip,€a€gossip€columnist€for€the€òòSomerset€County€Weekly€BugleÐ `° Ð(ð ðBugleðð)óó,€the€local€newspaper€of€Princess€Anne,€Maryland€and€against€the€òòBugleóó.€€SomersetÐ L œ ÐCounty€is€the€location€of€both€the€residence€of€Ms.€Parsnip€and€the€principal€place€of€business€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€òòBugleóó.€€The€òòBugleóó€was€distributed€at€no€cost€to€the€residents€of€Somerset€County€because€theÐ $ t ÐòòBugle€óóprocured,€through€mail€solicitations,€advertisements€paid€for€by€local€merchants€located€inÐ  ` ÐPrince€Georgeððs,€Somerset,€Dorchester,€Ô_ÔWicomicoÔ_Ô,€and€Worcester€Counties,€Maryland.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThe€basis€of€the€Ô_ÔDoolittlesÔ_Ôðð€suit€was€that€Parsnip€had€reported€in€the€January€12,€2003Ð Ô$  Ðedition€of€the€òòBuglòòóóeóó€that€Donna€Doolittle€had€been€disciplined€for€plagiarism€at€Ô_ÔHappydaleÔ_Ô€HighÐ À  ÐSchool,€and€that€Eliza€had€taken€money€from€the€Schoolððs€candy€drive€funds€that€were€supposedÐ ¬ü  Ðto€be€used€to€replace€the€uniforms€of€Ô_ÔHappydaleÔ_Ôððs€marching€band.€€As€a€result€of€the€publicationÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€òòBugleóó€article,€Eliza€was€terminated€from€her€employment€with€the€local€bank€and€DonnaÐ „Ô  Ðhad€to€seek€medical€attention€for€her€sleepless€nights€and€anxiety.Ð pÀ Ðà  àÌà  àBecause€they€were€embarrassed€by€the€Ô_ÔòòBugleððsóóÔ_Ô€report€about€Donna,€and€by€theÐ H˜ Ðtermination€of€Elizaððs€employment,€the€Doolittle€family€moved€from€Princess€Anne€in€JuneÐ 4„ Ð2003,€shortly€after€Donna€graduated€from€Ô_ÔHappydaleÔ_Ô.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àEliza€and€Donna€filed€their€Complaint€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Prince€Georgeððs€County,Ð øH Ðwhere€the€Doolittle€family€resided.€€Parsnip€continued€to€reside€in€Princess€Anne€and€to€write€forÐ ä4 Ðthe€òòBugle.óó€Immediately,€Eliza€and€Donna€sent€the€complaint,€the€summons€and€a€plaintiffsðð€civilÐ Ð  Ðinformation€sheet€via€first€class€mail€to€Parsnip€at€her€home€in€Princess€Anne€and€to€the€addressÐ ¼  Ðof€the€òòBugleððsóó€resident€agent.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ& ° ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X'øXXX8_ÔÔ€X8_XXX'øÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ  Ôò òWhat€preliminary€motions€and/or€responsive€pleadings€and€papers€should€the€defendantsÐ €Ð Ðfile,€and€how€should€the€Court€rule€on€each?€€Explain€your€answer€fully.Ô Ý nÔÐ l¼ ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿfmƒ ÝÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ'°€vmÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1ó óÐ D!” ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€òòBugleóó€and€Parsnip€can€file€a€preliminary€motion€to€dismiss€for€òòimproper€service€ofÐ #l! Ðprocess.óó€€This€defense€must€be€asserted€in€a€preliminary€motion€or€it€is€waived€by€the€defendants.€Ð $X" ÐHere€both€parties€were€served€via€first€class€mail€which€is€not€a€proper€form€of€service€underÐ ô$D # ÐRule€2„121(a).€€Service€must€be€made€personally€or€by€certified€mail,€restricted€delivery,€or€withÐ à%0!$ ÐParsnip,€by€leaving€a€copy€of€the€process€at€her€home€with€a€person€of€suitable€age€andÐ Ì&"% Ðdiscretion.€€The€defendants€have€30€days€from€the€date€of€the€improper€service€to€file€this€motion.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÌà  àThe€òòBugleóó€and€Parsnip€can€also€file€a€preliminary€motion€to€dismiss€for€òòimproperóó€venue.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐVenue€is€generally€proper€for€an€individual€defendant€where€she€resides€or€works,€and€in€the€case€Ð h+¸&* ЇÌof€a€corporation,€where€it€maintains€its€principal€Maryland€office.€€Improper€venue€is€also€aÐ œì Ðmandatory€defense€and€must€be€asserted€in€preliminary€motion€or€it€will€be€waived.€€Here,€venueÐ ˆØ Ðwould€be€proper€as€to€both€defendants€in€Somerset€County,€where€I€am€assuming€Princess€AnneÐ tÄ Ðis€located,€because€that€is€where€it€is€distributed.€€Although€the€Bugle€does€engage€in€business€inÐ `° ÐPrince€Georgeððs€County,€Parsnip€does€not€live€or€work€there.€€Since€venue€is€proper€towards€bothÐ L œ Ðdefendants€in€Somerset€County,€ðð€6„201(b)€is€inapplicable.€€The€defendants€have€30€days€fromÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€date€of€service€to€file€this€motion.€€The€court€will€likely€rule€venue€as€improper;€however,€theÐ $ t Ðcourt€may€in€its€discretion€transfer€the€case€to€Somerset€County€under€Rule€2„377(b)€instead€ofÐ  ` Ðdismissing€it.Ð ü L  ÐÓøoÓÌÓ  Óà  àThe€defendants€can€also€in€their€Answer€to€the€Doolittleððs€complaint€assert€theÐ Ô$  Ðòòaffirmative€defenseóó€that€the€òòstatute€of€limitationsóó€has€run€as€to€the€libel€and€false€light€defamationÐ À  Ðclaims.€€This€defense€must€be€asserted€by€the€defendant€in€its€answer€or€it€is€waived.€€The€answerÐ ¬ü  Ðmust€be€filed€within€15€days€from€the€disposition€of€the€above€listed€preliminary€motions.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àAs€for€Eliza€her€actions€for€libel€and€defamation€must€have€been€filed€within€1€year€fromÐ pÀ Ðthe€date€they€accrued.€€Since€it€is€now€March€15,€2004€and€the€article€was€published€January€12,Ð \¬ Ð2003,€it€has€been€more€than€a€year€and€her€claim€is€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAs€for€Donna,€she€was€a€òòminoróó€when€the€cause€of€action€for€false€light€defamation€andÐ  p Ðlibel€accrued€and€as€such€òòlacked€the€capacityóó€to€sue€until€attaining€the€age€of€majority.€€Under€ððÐ  \ Ð5„201(a)€she€has€an€additional€year€from€the€date€she€turns€18€to€file.€€Because€she€filed€the€dayÐ øH Ðafter€her€18òòthóó€birthday€her€action€is€not€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àFinally,€each€defendant€can€file€a€permissive€motion€to€dismiss€for€òòfailure€to€state€a€claimóóÐ ¼  Ðbased€on€the€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress€cause€of€action.€€Their€motion€to€dismissÐ ¨ø Ðfor€failure€to€state€a€claim€can€be€raised€as€a€preliminary€motion€or€in€their€answer.€€The€courtÐ ”ä Ðwill€likely€grant€leave€to€amend€the€complaint€if€it€does€find€for€the€defendants€on€this€motion.Ð €Ð ÐÓ©wÓÌò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2ó óÐ X ¨ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àBugle€and€Parsnip€should€each€file€a€motion€to€dismiss€against€each€of€the€plaintiffs.€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðmotion€must€be€filed€before€filing€an€answer€because€some€of€the€defenses€are€mandatoryÐ #l! Ðdefenses€under€Rule€2„322.€€The€motion€must€be€filed€prior€to€the€date€an€answer€is€due.€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àBugle€and€Parsnip€should€file€motion€to€dismiss€based€on€the€mandatory€defenses€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðimproper€venue€and€insufficiency€of€service€of€process.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àIn€a€civil€action,€a€defendant€may€be€sued€where€the€defendant€lives,€works€or€carries€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbusiness€(Ô_ÔCJPÔ_Ô€ðð€6„201).€€When€there€are€multiple€defendants€then€the€plaintiff€must€choose€aÐ )à$( Ðvenue€common€to€defendants€(Ô_ÔCJPÔ_Ô€ðð€6„201).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àHere€the€businessððs€principal€place€of€business€and€Parsnipððs€residence€are€both€located€inÐ ° ÐSomerset€County.€€Therefore,€venue€in€Prince€Georgeððs€County€is€improper.€€While€there€areÐ œì Ðcertain€circumstances€where€the€court€allows€for€additional€venue,€none€of€these€circumstancesÐ ˆØ Ðapply€here.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAn€individual€may€be€served€in€person€by€leaving€sufficient€process€at€defendantððs€homeÐ L œ Ðwith€a€person€of€suitable€age€and€discretion€or€by€certified€mail,€restricted€delivery,€return€receiptÐ 8 ˆ Ðrequested€(Rule€2„121).€€In€this€case€service€of€process€was€mailed€first€class€to€Parsnip.€€ServiceÐ $ t Ðwas€improper.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWhen€making€service€upon€a€business€that€has€a€resident€agent,€service€should€be€madeÐ è 8  Ðupon€him,€president,€secretary€or€treasurer.€€Here,€service€was€made€upon€the€resident€agent,€butÐ Ô$  Ðagain€was€insufficient€since€it€was€merely€mailed€first€class,€the€same€rules€for€service€upon€anÐ À  Ðindividual€apply€to€an€individual€upon€whom€service€can€be€made.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€court€will€likely€dismiss€the€action€on€these€grounds.€€However,€Bugle€and€ParsnipÐ „Ô  Ðshould€also€move€to€dismiss€Elizaððs€claims€for€libel,€false€light€defamation€since€the€statute€ofÐ pÀ Ðlimitations€for€libel€is€one€year€from€date€of€tort,€and€the€limitations€have€run.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àDonna€is€not€barred€by€the€statute€of€limitations€because€she€was€under€disability€whenÐ 4„ Ðthe€claim€arose,€and€under€Ô_ÔCJPÔ_Ô€ðð€5„201,€she€had,€after€she€turned€18,€either€the€lessor€of€3€yearsÐ  p Ðor€the€applicable€period€of€limitations€left€to€run.€€Given€this€rule€the€court€would€not€dismiss€herÐ  \ Ðaction€for€libel.Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€court€will€probably€dismiss€the€case€since€there€was€more€than€one€basis€for€which€itÐ Ð  Ðcould€dismiss.€€However,€if€venue€was€the€basis€it€would€probably€transfer€venue€under€Rule€2„Ð ¼  Ð327(b).Ô#†Xà XXX8_qb#ÔÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ h+¸&* ЇÌÓ  Óò òÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔQUESTION€10ó óÐ œì ÐÓ  ÓÌMighty€Mall€opened€in€Ô_ÔElktonÔ_Ô,€Maryland,€on€December€1,€2001€and€was€a€huge€success.€Two€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€most€popular€businesses€in€Ô_ÔElktonÔ_Ô,€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_AŒ#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€Florist€and€Card€Shop€and€GraceÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ó#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É6Ž#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€Barber€Shop,Ð `° Ðrelocated€to€the€Mall€and€operated€side€by€side€in€Suite€A€and€Suite€B.Ð R ¢ ÐÌThe€Mall€Landlord€provided€both€Will€and€Grace€with€standard€five„year€commercial€leases.€Ð * z ÐGraceÔ#†Xà XXX8_|Ž#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɲ#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€lease€included€the€following€language:€Ô#†Xà XXX8_ø#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ôð ðÔ#†Xà XXX Éc#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔGrace€shall€operate€a€barber€shop€and€only€aÐ  f Ðbarber€shop,€shall€not€compete€with€any€other€business€in€the€mall,€and€shall€not€assign€anyÐ  X  Ðportion€of€her€lease€or€sublet€any€part€of€the€premises.Ô#†Xà XXX8_©#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉÕ‘#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_’#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX Éc’#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€lease€included€similar€language:Ð ô D  ÐÔ#†Xà XXX8_©’#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà Ôð ðÔ#†Xà XXX É"“#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔWill€shall€operate€a€florist€and€card€shop€and€only€a€florist€and€card€shop,€shall€not€competeÐ æ6  Ðwith€any€other€business€in€the€mall,€and€shall€not€assign€any€portion€of€his€lease€or€sublet€anyÐ Ø(  Ðportion€of€the€premises.Ô#†Xà XXX8_h“#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɪ”#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ô€Will€and€Grace€signed€their€leases€on€Feb.€1,€2002.Ð Ä  ÐÌBoth€businesses€flourished€in€the€Mall.€€After€a€year€of€success,€Grace€brought€in€a€co„tenant€toÐ ¢ò  Ðprovide€nail€care€services.€€The€Landlord€became€aware€of€the€nail€care€business€a€short€timeÐ ŽÞ Ðlater€but€did€not€comment€to€Grace.€€A€few€weeks€after€the€nail€care€service€was€up€and€running,Ð zÊ ÐWill€began€to€notice€an€acrid€smell€in€his€shop,€and€that€many€of€his€flowers€were€beginning€toÐ f¶ Ðdroop.€€He€also€noticed€that€the€paint€on€the€wall€that€he€shared€with€GraceÔ#†Xà XXX8_ð”#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É™—#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€shop€began€toÐ R¢ Ðflake.€€Will€learned€that€these€phenomena€were€caused€by€liquids€used€by€the€nail€care€service.€Ð D” ÐAlthough€he€complained€to€Grace€and€the€Landlord€no€action€was€taken.€€Will€decided€to€onlyÐ 0€ Ðpay€a€reduced€rent€in€protest.€€This€did€not€resolve€the€problem€so€six€months€later€Will€vacatedÐ l Ðthe€premises€without€notice€to€the€Landlord.Ð X ÐÌOn€December€1,€2003€Landlord€forwarded€a€letter€to€Will€demanding€the€arrears€and€theÐ à0 Ðremaining€rent€since€Will€vacated€the€premises€with€nearly€three€years€left€on€the€lease.€€On€thatÐ Ì Ðsame€date€Landlord€advised€Grace€that€her€lease€would€be€terminated€as€a€result€of€her€breach€ofÐ ¸ Ðits€terms,€and€that€she€must€vacate€the€premises€forthwith.Ð ¤ô ÐÌò ò1.€Assuming€no€specific€remedy€in€the€lease,€what€are€the€rights€of€Landlord€against€WillÐ | Ì Ðand€Grace?€€Ð h!¸ Ð2.€Assuming€no€specific€remedy€in€the€lease,€what€are€the€rights€of€Will€against€LandlordÐ T"¤  Ðand€Grace?€Ð @#! ÐÌDiscuss€fully.ó óÐ %h # ÐÌò òÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€NO.€1Ð ð&@"% ÐÓ  Óó óÐ Ü',#& ÐÌLandlord€v.€WillÐ ´)%( ÐÌL€may€sue€W€for€a€breach€of€his€lease.€€W€left€his€lease€with€nearly€3€years€left€on€it.€€L€had€theÐ Œ+Ü&* Ðoption€to€treat€the€property€as€abandoned€by€mailing€a€letter€to€W€at€his€last€known€address,Ð ° Ðignore€the€breach€of€the€lease€and€sue€for€the€remaining€rent,€or€re„let€the€property,€with€proceedsÐ œì Ðgoing€toward€WÔ#†Xà XXX8_ß—#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉÍž#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€breached€lease.€€While€in€Maryland€a€L€of€a€residential€lease€has€a€duty€to€re„Ð ˆØ Ðlet,€mitigating€damages,€a€commercial€L€does€not€have€this€duty.€€Therefore€,€L€may€sue€W€forÐ zÊ Ðthe€remaining€time€on€his€lease.Ð f¶ ÐÌLandlord€v.€Grace€Ð > Ž ÐÌL€may€sue€G€for€affirmative€waste€if€her€occupancy€greatly€disturbed€his€property.€€However,Ð  f Ðunless€the€disturbance€from€the€nail€chemicals€was€so€strong€as€to€be€a€material€breach€of€theÐ  R  Ðlease,€L€may€not€sue€G€for€breach€of€the€lease€for€bringing€in€a€co„tenant€to€run€a€nail€salonÐ î >  Ðbecause€he€waived€this€condition€by€not€objecting€for€almost€a€year.Ð Ú*  ÐÌWill€v.€LandlordÐ ²  ÐÌW€could€counter€LÔ#†Xà XXX8_Ÿ#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX Éw¢#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€argument€that€W€breached€his€lease€by€arguing€L€breached€his€duty€toÐ ŠÚ  Ðprevent€nuisance€by€other€tenants,€especially€by€something€expressly€forbidden€in€the€lease.€€WÐ |Ì Ðnotified€L€but€L€did€not€take€action€against€G.€€W€could€argue€he€was€constructively€evictedÐ h¸ Ðbecause€his€purpose€for€leasing€the€property€was€greatly€harmed€(flowers).€€W€should€note€thatÐ T¤ Ðthere€was€substantial€interference,€notice€was€given€to€L€and€W€got€out€of€the€suite.€€UnderÐ @ ÐMaryland€law,€W€is€allowed€to€move€out,€reduce€rent€to€market€value€with€disturbance,€repairÐ ,| Ðand€deduct€repairs€from€rent€(assuming€GÔ#†Xà XXX8_½¢#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɼ¥#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€chemical€problems€could€be€fixed).€€In€Maryland,Ð h Ðhowever,€if€W€were€to€reduce€the€rent€or€stop€paying€altogether,€he€must€put€the€rent€money€in€anÐ  Z Ðescrow€account€with€the€court.Ð öF ÐÌWill€v.€GraceÐ Î ÐÌW€could€sue€G€under€a€nuisance€theory€since€her€actions€substantially€interfered€with€hisÐ ¦ö Ðenjoyment€of€his€leased€property.€€In€a€private€nuisance€action€the€court€will€balance€the€interestsÐ ’â Ðof€a€tenant€with€the€interests€of€others€to€determine€if€there€is€a€substantial€interference€with€theÐ ~Î Ðuse€and€enjoyment€of€the€land€and€if€that€substantial€interference€outweighs€the€benefits€of€theÐ j º Ðnon„burdened€party.Ð V!¦ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€NO.€2ó óÐ .#~! ÐÓ  ÓÌA€lease€is€a€right€to€occupy€and€possess€property,€while€the€owner€retains€an€interest.€€Here,€bothÐ %V # ÐGrace€and€Will€have€valid€leases€with€Mighty€Mall.€€They€meet€the€statute€of€fraud€requirementÐ ò%B!$ Ðbecause€the€leases€were€in€writing.Ð Þ&."% ÐÌLandlord€v.€WillÐ ¶($' ÐÌA€tenancy€for€years€exists€when€a€lease€specified€a€certain€number€of€years€a€tenant€can€occupyÐ Ž*Þ%) Ðthe€property.€€Here€both€Will€and€Grace€have€a€tenancy€for€5€years.€€Tenants€are€required€to€payÐ z+Ê&* Ðtheir€rent€for€the€term€of€the€lease.€€Here,€Will€left€with€3€years€remaining€on€the€lease.€€ThereforeÐ ° ÐLandlord€has€a€claim€against€him€for€breach€of€contract.€€Landlord€must€mitigate€his€damages€byÐ œì Ðseeking€another€tenant€to€fill€his€space.Ð ˆØ ÐÌLandlord€v.€GraceÐ `° ÐÌA€party€is€bound€by€the€terms€of€the€contract.€€Here,€the€lease€prohibited€assignments€or€sub„Ð 8 ˆ Ðleasing,€but€Grace€took€in€a€subtenant€to€perform€nail€services.€€Normally€this€would€beÐ $ t Ðconsidered€a€breach,€but€Landlord€waived€his€right€to€enforce€it.€€Waiver€occurs€when€a€partyÐ  ` Ðknowingly€gives€up€the€enforceable€right.€€Here€Landlord€knew€about€GraceÔ#†Xà XXX8_¦#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ÉÑ®#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€sub„tenantÐ ü L  Ðthrough€his€own€knowledge€through€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_¯#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É ¯#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€complaint,€but€took€no€action.€€Therefore,€he€waivedÐ î >  Ðhis€right€to€evict€her€on€this€basis.Ð à0  ÐÌA€property€owner€may€sue€to€enjoin€a€tenant€from€making€waste€on€his€property.€€Here€the€nailÐ ¸  Ðtechnicians€chemicals€were€causing€the€walls€to€crack.€€This€is€considered€waste€and€they€can€beÐ ¤ô  Ðheld€liable€for€the€damages.Ð à  ÐÌWill€v.€GraceÐ h¸ ÐÌNuisance€occurs€if€one€party€interferes€with€the€reasonable€use€and€enjoyment€of€property.€€Here,Ð @ Ðthe€nail€Ô_ÔtechsÔ_Ô€use€of€the€chemicals€caused€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_æ¯#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɱ²#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€walls€to€flake€and€his€flowers€to€droop.€€ThisÐ ,| Ðcould€be€considered€a€nuisance.Ð n ÐÌInterference€with€economic€relations€is€not€appropriate€because€although€GraceÔ#†Xà XXX8_÷²#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É´#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€actions€mayÐ öF Ðhave€caused€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_H´#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX ɼ´#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€flowers€to€droop,€she€did€not€intentionally€interfere€with€any€people€he€didÐ è8 Ðbusiness€with.Ð Ú* ÐÌWill€v.€LandlordÐ ² ÐÌA€Landlord€warrants€quiet€enjoyment€in€every€lease.€€Here,€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_µ#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É2¶#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€walls€were€cracking€and€hisÐ ŠÚ Ðflowers€were€drooping.€€As€a€florist€this€could€be€detrimental€to€his€business.€€The€fact€that€the€Ð | Ì Ðò òó ólandlord€refused€to€address€or€fix€the€problem,€even€after€notice€and€WillÔ#†Xà XXX8_x¶#ÔÔ‡X ÉXXXà ÔððÔ#†Xà XXX É´·#ÔÔ‡X8_XXXà Ôs€payment€of€partialÐ h!¸ Ðrent)€breached€this€warranty.Ð Z"ª  ÐÌConstructive€eviction€occurs€when€the€conditions€are€so€adverse,€the€space€is€no€longer€habitable.€Ð 2$‚" ÐHere€there€are€no€facts€that€Will€absolutely€had€to€leave,€€but€he€can€claim€or€use€it€as€a€defenseÐ %n # Ðbecause€his€drooping€flowers€and€the€acrid€smell€would€affect€his€business€and€the€purpose€of€theÐ  &Z!$ Ðlease.€Ð ö&F"% ÐÔ#†Xà XXX8_ú·#ÔÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  ’+â&* Ðà @ àà @` àà @¸ àà @ àà @h àò òòòÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔóóQUESTION€11òòÝ‚ÿÝÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔòŒòòŽòÝ  ÝÔ_ÔóŒóó óóŽóÝ‚ÿ²º,€L€ÝóóÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ_ÔÝ  ÝÓúÓÓ! °°rx#°°X!ÓÔ‡ŠPˆXX8_ÔòòÓ  ÓÌà r à€óóÔ#†X8_XˆŠP°»#ÔMary€Jane€is€on€trial€for€armed€robbery€in€the€Circuit€Court€for€Charles€County,€Maryland.€SheÐ –æ Ðhas€been€incarcerated€in€that€county€since€her€arrest€as€she€was€never€able€to€make€bond.€At€her€Ð à Ðcounselððs€suggestion,€she€has€made€notes€during€the€trial€and€discusses€them€with€her€counselÐ ŠÚ Ðthroughout€the€trial€day.€During€recesses€of€the€trial,€she€is€held€in€lock„up€in€the€Charles€CountyÐ „ Ô ÐCourthouse.€When€she€was€brought€into€the€courtroom€on€the€afternoon€of€the€second€trial€day,€sheÐ ~ Î Ðinadvertently€left€her€trial€notes€in€the€lock„up.€€Those€notes€were€found€by€a€deputy€sheriff€in€theÐ x È Ðlock„up.€€The€deputy€sheriff€read€the€notes,€realized€they€were€about€the€ongoing€trial,€and€turnedÐ r  Ðthem€over€to€the€€prosecuting€attorney€who€read€them€and€notified€counsel€for€Mary€Jane.€€The€notesÐ l ¼  Ðcontained€Mary€Janeððs€€comments€regarding€the€testimony€and€exhibits€that€had€been€presented€atÐ f¶  Ðthe€trial€to€its€present€stage.€€The€prosecuting€attorney€has€informed€the€Court€that€he€wishes€to€useÐ `°  Ðthe€trial€notes€in€the€Stateððs€case.Ð Zª  ÐÓ  ÓÓE.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°rx#EÓÌÓÿúÓÓE1°°ƒ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°XEÓà0 ƒ àà  àò òa.€What€motion(s)€will€defense€counsel€file€to€prevent€the€use€of€Mary€Janeððs€trialÐ Nž  Ðnotes€by€the€State?€State€the€arguments€€of€defense€counsel€in€detail.ÐMƒ(#ƒ(# ÐÌà0 ƒ àà  àb.€How€will€the€Court€rule€on€the€motion(s)€and€why?ÐK›ƒ(#ƒ(# ÐÓúÿÓÓ  ÓÓ* °°rx#°°ƒ` ‹X*ÓÔ‡ŠPˆXX8_ÔÌÓúÓÓ  ÓÓE.°°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°°rx#EÓÔ#†X8_XˆŠP;Ã#ÔREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€1ó óÐ D” ÐÓ  ÓÌAttorney€ð!ð€Client€PrivilegeÐ l ÐÌà  àThe€attorney€client€privilege€protects€confidential€communications€between€a€client€and€theÐ ôD Ðattorney€concerning€the€legal€representation/consultation.€€Here,€an€attorney„client€relationshipÐ à0 Ðclearly€exists,€since€Mary€Jane€is€being€represented€by€her€attorney€in€a€criminal€trial.€€Mary€Jane€willÐ Ì Ðargue€that€these€notes€should€be€considered€as€confidential€communication€between€her€and€herÐ ¸ Ðattorney.€€The€government€will€likely€argue€that€these€are€just€notes€taken€and€were€not€part€of€oralÐ ¤ô Ðcommunications€between€the€defendant€and€her€attorney.€€The€court€will€rule€in€favor€of€theÐ à Ðdefendant.€€Here,€the€attorney€has€specifically€asked€the€client€to€take€notes,€and€the€client€discussesÐ | Ì Ðthe€notes€with€the€attorney.€€The€notes€would€be€considered€communications€since€they€wouldÐ h!¸ Ðpresumably€be€passed€back€and€forth€while€the€trial€is€going€on,€in€an€attempt€to€communicateÐ T"¤ Ðwithout€talking,€since€the€jurors€would€hear.€€The€defense€attorney€would€also€argue€that€the€notesÐ @#  Ðconsist€of€his€work€product,€since€the€attorney€discusses€the€notes€with€the€client€and€it€is€likely€thatÐ ,$|! Ðthe€client€writes€down€what€the€attorney€says.€€In€this€case,€it€would€be€considered€to€contain€theÐ %h " Ðattorneyððs€thought€processes€and€thus€would€not€be€admissible.Ð &T!# ÐÌà  àThe€government€would€argue€that€the€privilege€has€been€waived€by€Mary€Janeððs€carelessnessÐ Ü',#% Ðwith€the€notes.€€This€argument€is€persuasive,€but€in€a€criminal€trial,€the€equities€would€favorÐ È($& Ðexclusion.Ð ´)%' ÐÌà  àÐ Œ+Ü&) Їò òÓ  Óó óÌÓvËÓà  àFourth€Amendment€ð!ð€To€have€a€Fourth€Amendment€claim,€one€must€prove€that€a€governmentÐ œì Ðactor€conducted€an€unjustified€search€in€a€place€where€the€person€had€a€reasonable€expectation€ofÐ ˆØ Ðprivacy.€€Mary€Jane€would€lose€this€claim.€€As€a€prisoner,€she€has€lost€many€of€her€civil€libertiesÐ tÄ Ðincluding€any€Fourth€Amendment€rights€in€the€ð ðlock„upðð.Ð `° ÐÌà  àThe€motion€that€the€defense€counsel€should€file€is€a€motion€for€exclusion€under€the€attorney„Ð 8 ˆ Ðclient€privilege.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àSixth€Amendment€ð!ð€The€Sixth€Amendment€provides€a€right€to€an€attorney€at€all€criticalÐ ü L  Ðstages€of€a€prosecution.€€Here,€trial€is€certainly€considered€a€critical€stage.€€Mary€Jane€should€argueÐ è 8  Ðthat€by€using€her€notes,€she€is€being€penalized€for€consulting€with€her€attorney€and€thus€being€deniedÐ Ô$  Ðeffective€assistance€of€counsel.€€The€standard€for€an€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€claim€is€thatÐ À  Ðthe€counselððs€conduct€was€deficient€and€the€client€suffered€prejudice,€i.e.,€would€not€have€beenÐ ¬ü  Ðconvicted.€€This€claim€would€not€be€successful€and€Mary€Jane€should€pursue€the€attorney„clientÐ ˜è  Ðprivilege€basis€for€exclusion.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àNormally,€privileged€information€is€not€discoverable€unless€the€party€shows€a€substantiveÐ \¬ Ðneed€and€undue€hardship.€€However,€this€rule€only€applies€to€civil€case.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àFifth€Amendment€right€against€self„incrimination€ð!ð€Mary€Jane€will€argue€that€these€notesÐ  p Ðwould€be€the€equivalent€of€her€testifying€without€consent€and€thus€in€violation€of€her€FifthÐ  \ ÐAmendment€right.€€However,€the€government€will€argue€that€these€notes€are€no€different€than€anyÐ øH Ðother€admission€by€a€party.€€Furthermore,€there€was€no€Miranda€violations€since€there€was€noÐ ä4 Ðinterrogation.€€(Government€would€concede€that€she€was€in€custody.)€€€Furthermore,€these€statementsÐ Ð  Ðwere€clearly€voluntary€and€not€the€result€of€any€due€process€violations.Ð ¼  Ðò òòòóóÌÓ  ÓREPRESENTATIVE€€ANSWER€2ó óÐ ”ä ÐÓ  ÓÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àA.€€Mary€Janeððs€attorney€should€file€a€motion€to€exclude€Mary€Janeððs€notes.€€As€the€trialÐ l¼ Ðhad€already€commenced,€Mary€Janeððs€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€counsel€had€attached.€€As€partÐ X ¨ Ðof€that€representation,€Mary€Janeððs€counsel€suggest€that€Mary€Jane€prepare€notes€throughout€theÐ D!” Ðtrial€for€discussion.€€Information€in€these€notes€could€fall€€under€the€attorney„client€privilege,€forÐ 0"€  Ðthey€were€prepared€and€communicated€by€Mary€Jane€to€her€lawyer€in€the€scope€of€her€lawyerððsÐ #l! Ðrepresentation€of€Mary€Jane.€€So€long€as€these€notes€were€kept€confidential,€they€should€beÐ $X" Ðprivileged.Ð ô$D # ÐÌThe€problem€that€arises€is€that€a€third€party€gained€access€to€the€notes,€destroying€confidentiality.€Ð Ì&"% ÐDefense€counsel€should€argue€that€a€state€actor€(sheriff)€unlawfully€seized€these€notes€in€violationÐ ¸'#& Ðof€the€Fourth€Amendment€(applicable€to€the€states€through€the€Due€Process€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐClause€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment).€€The€prosecution€will€counter€that€Mary€Jane€had€noÐ )à$( Ðreasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€a€jail€cell€and€thus€no€standing€to€challenge€the€seizure.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àÌà  àDefense€counsel€may€also€move€for€a€mistrial,€arguing€her€client€was€materially€Ð œì ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÓÞÔÓÔ_Ôò òó óÔ_ÔÓòÓprejudiced€by€the€sheriffððs€seizure€because€he€then€revealed€the€notes€to€the€prosecution.€€ThoseÐ ˆØ Ðnotes€could€have€been€incriminating€and€would€have€given€the€prosecution€unfair€access€andÐ tÄ Ðinsight€into€defendantððs€case.Ð `° ÐÓïÚÓÌà  àB.€The€court€should€exclude€the€evidence.€€Although€Mary€Jane€may€have€had€noÐ 8 ˆ Ðlegitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€a€temporary€lock„up,€she€inadvertently€left€the€notes€there.€Ð $ t ÐProvided€the€state€can€defeat€the€Fourth€Amendment€claim,€it€may€not€defeat€the€claim€ofÐ  ` Ðprivilege.€€Mary€Jane€did€not€intend€to€disclose€the€contents€of€her€notes.€€The€attorney„clientÐ ü L  Ðprivilege€should€be€preserved,€and€this€would€bar€admission€of€the€notes.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àThe€court€probably€would€be€reluctant€to€grant€a€mistrial.€€While€Mary€Jane€may€beÐ À  Ðprejudiced€by€the€opposing€counsel€having€access€to€her€mental€impressions,€there€are€otherÐ ¬ü  Ðsafeguards.€€That€evidence€will€be€excluded,€so€the€jury€will€not€be€tainted€by€such€evidence.€Ð ˜è  ÐFurthermore,€depending€on€the€contents€of€the€notes,€the€prosecutor€may€not€have€gained€anyÐ „Ô  Ðunfair€advantage€whatsoever.€€For€these€reasons,€the€judge€will€be€unlikely€to€grant€a€mistrial.€€Ð pÀ ÐÔ#†Xà XXX8_‚º#ÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ h+¸&* Ðò òÓ  ÓÔ‡X8_XXXà ÔÌQUESTION€12ó óÐ œì ÐÓæàÓÓ  ÓÌà  àOn€June€1,€1997,€Abe,€Ben,€Chris€and€Dan€owned€all€of€the€issued€stock€in€Zero,€Inc.,€aÐ tÄ ÐMaryland€corporation,€each€having€paid€$300€per€share€for€his€500€shares.Ð `° ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X'øXXX8_ÔÔ€ Xö4XXX'øÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ€X8_XX Xö4Ôà  àThe€corporate€Bylaws€provided€that,€in€the€case€of€death€of€a€shareholder,€the€CorporationÐ 8 ˆ Ðhad€a€first€option€to€purchase€the€deceased€shareholderððs€stock€at€his€cost.€€This€restriction€wasÐ $ t Ðprinted€on€each€stock€certificate€issued€by€Zero,€Inc.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àOn€January€10,€1998,€all€of€the€stockholders€of€Zero,€Inc.€entered€into€a€written€buy„sellÐ è 8  Ðagreement€giving€each€other€a€pro„rata€right€of€first€refusal€on€shares€any€of€them€wished€to€sell.€Ð Ô$  ÐThis€restriction€was€not€noted€on€the€stock€certificates.€On€March€1,€2000,€Abe€sold€100€shares€ofÐ À  ÐZero,€Inc.€to€Ed€who€had€no€knowledge€of€the€1998€buy„sell€agreement.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓB.ÜÜ4Ø Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°°XBÓà0  àà0¬(#(#àà  àA.à ¬ àDiscuss€the€respective€rights€of€Zero,€Inc.,€Dan€and€Ed,€to€the€100€shares€sold€by€Abe.€Ð„Ô ¬(#¬(# ÐÓH+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ4Ø Œ ŠXHÓÌà  à€€Ben€died€on€July€10,€2000€at€a€time€when€the€fair€market€value€of€his€stock€was€$1,000€perÐ \¬ Ðshare.€€Benððs€personal€representative€(executor)€has€contracted€to€sell€Benððs€stock€to€Fran€at€fairÐ H˜ Ðmarket€value.€€Benððs€estate€needs€the€money€from€the€sale€of€Zero,€Inc.€€stock€to€satisfy€claimsÐ 4„ Ðagainst€the€estate.€Ð  p ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€Within€a€reasonable€time€after€Benððs€death,€Zero,€Inc.€€exercised€its€option€to€buy€and€tenderedÐ øH Ð$300€per€share€to€Benððs€estate.€€Benððs€personal€representative€refused€to€sell€to€Zero,€Inc.€Ð ä4 Ðà  àÌÓB.ÜÜ4Ø Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜŒXBÓà0  àà0¬(#(#àà  àB.à ¬ àDiscuss€the€rights€of€Zero,€Inc.,€Benððs€personal€representative€and€Fran€to€the€500Ð ¼  Ðshares€held€by€Benððs€estate.€Ð¨ø¬(#¬(# ÐÓH+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ4Ø Œ ŠXHÓÌÓB.ÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜŒXBÓà0 Ü àà  à€€€ò òExplain€fully€the€basis€of€your€answers.€€€€Ð€ÐÜ(#Ü(# Ðó óÓE+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ÜÜ‚,Œ ŠXEÓÌÒ°ÒÓ  Óò òREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€#1€€ó óÐ \ ¬ ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿ)âð€noÝÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÔ€X8_XXX8_ÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÔ*ƒƒ ‚ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#ƒÔÔ,