ÿWPCÙ mØ6áéÕ¦aa*‹±àž€ÛMÄá8ˆóf¤È–bæÆç,HzEuéx¥ß:u{2ÕPøÎÛ}]*ø…€È0$òùNkOòQ¦¨ûx_RJuî"(ºžºj±8Éiúä+áÌê&é¾ôb4¤NQ}’ÌFŒ–^ÕFò êï4®$_®-é§-Ù¾ ÔÃŽ!Ô\ßí@Éì;? 2žšÙ'†+vé”ýµ†ÿ:23Sá&s¨)cRN»ÕAÖÊù/ÇðdžÀÖ6Jiiø±–ïñÖHJÑ¿ÐBòN¬méÍ¿;*´ýÅnxùP˜]ôõýuçÄÎ=F*Vú+eD†—[]iѦ}õK}”‘‘C(ÃÒ7kLgU–¹!Õ ¡¨@• zЪÓ"Ù2 >Ù!túd$!UÛ÷æ mz~|„·øÏ:‰eõ¸ ,a|e¯cYX›HbûeîÙW"‡r‡ÇNÓéY?ñ¥güsý´éçËÏê‚Þ§«QPüÔÖšæ~ ©±&–k¹4¥2åaµØÃÙ°^cmxÆ-vtT×<®KðŒk%;RæÛ“Hâ„HjMÍL*{ÛíCõƒhØå¼·å51:G™…N±o0êe r u씤O @?#ÁPUN %_ 0:e^ Ÿw«4¯ÃÒ mÔNëU>í+bAAAA0[[[[[ 0N‹˜ÈÈÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô\£Ã8s *—>8hared3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀô\  `&Times New Roman Ñ „ ÑPage ù of &ùwww.ncbex2.org/catalog/(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ„°ÑÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÑ€ ¿[ÑÑ€ÑÑ8€oýXXdúdÈ8Ñò òÔ‡ XoýXXXÔFEBRUARY€2008Ð ° ÐMULTISTATE€PERFORMANCE€TEST€(Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô)ó óÔ#†XoýXX Xoý¾#Ôà @ àÔ‡ XoýXXXoýÔò òÐ ªú ÐÔ#†XoýXX Xoýr#ÔÔ‡ XoýXXXoýÔÑ‘„Ñó óÌÌÓWÓÓ  Óà  àThe€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€administered€by€the€State€Board€of€Law€Examiners€for€the€February€2008Ð ˜è Ðbar€examination€was€òòò òIn€re€Velocity€Park.óóó ó€€Two€representative€good€answers€selected€by€the€BoardÐ ’ â Ðare€included€here,€beginning€at€page€2.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌà  àThe€National€Conference€of€Bar€Examiners€publishes€the€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetððÐ € Ð Ðdescribing€the€issues€and€the€discussion€expected€in€a€successful€response€to€the€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question.€€TheÐ z Ê  Ðð ðpoint€sheetðð€is€analogous€to€the€Boardððs€Analysis€prepared€by€the€State€Board€of€Law€Examiners€forÐ tÄ  Ðeach€of€the€essay€questions.Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àThe€Ô_ÔNCBEÔ_Ô€does€not€permit€the€Board€to€publish€the€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€or€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€on€theÐ b²  ÐBoardððs€website.€€However,€the€Ô_ÔNCBEÔ_Ô€does€offer€the€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€and€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€for€sale€on€itsÐ \¬  Ðwebsite,€and€the€February€2008€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€is€now€available€there.Ð V¦ ÐÌà  àò òMaterials€for€an€unsuccessful€applicant:ó ó€€An€applicant€who€was€unsuccessful€on€theÐ Jš ÐFebruary€2008€Maryland€bar€examination€may€obtain€a€copy€of€the€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question,€his€or€her€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_ÔÐ D” Ðanswer,€representative€good€answers€selected€by€the€Board,€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€for€the€FebruaryÐ >Ž Ð2008€Ô_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€administered€as€a€component€of€the€Maryland€bar€examination.€€This€material€isÐ 8ˆ Ðprovided€to€each€unsuccessful€applicant€who€requests,€in€writing,€a€copy€of€the€answers€in€accordanceÐ 2‚ Ðwith€instructions€mailed€with€the€results€of€the€bar€examination.€€The€deadline€for€an€unsuccessfulÐ ,| Ðapplicant€to€request€this€material€is€July€1,€2008.Ð &v Ðò òÌà  àMaterials€for€anyone€other€than€an€unsuccessful€applicantó ó:€Anyone€else€may€obtain€theÐ j ÐÔ_ÔMPTÔ_Ô€Question€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€only€by€purchasing€them€at€the€Ô_ÔNCBEÔ_Ô€Online€Store.€Ð d ÐÓÓÌÌUse€the€following€link€to€access€the€ò òÔ_ÔNCBEÔ_Ô€Online€Storeó ó:€Ô4‚Ý ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôwww.ncbex2.org/catalog/Ô6] ÔÝ‚ÍOq ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ªŸ ÔÔ#†XoýXX XoýÌ#ÔÐ  !R ÐÔ_Ôà@: : ìàò òMULTISTATE€PERFORMANCE€TESTˆà  àà x àà Ð àÐ ° Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à¹Ó  ÓÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€€1ó óÐ žî ÐÌÌHall€&€Gray€LLPÐ Œ Ü ÐAttorneys€At€LawÐ † Ö Ð730€Amsterdam€Ave.Ð € Ð ÐBanford,€Franklin€33701Ð z Ê  ÐÌÌÓ  ÓTo:à  àDeanna€HallÐ h¸  ÐFrom:à  àApplicantÐ b²  ÐRe:à  àLiability€Waiver€for€Velocity€ParkÐ \¬  ÐDate:à  àFebruary€26,€2008Ð V¦ ÐÌÌÓ€ÓÓ€Óà  àYou€have€asked€me€to€analyze€the€waiver€our€client,€Zeke€Oliver,€proposes€to€use€to€reduce€hisÐ D” Ðliability€to€those€who€may€be€injured€while€skateboarding€at€Mr.€Oliverððs€soon„to„be„opened€skate€park.€Ð >Ž ÐMy€analysis€is€a€follows:Ð 8ˆ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àÌI.à  àòòProtection€from€Liabilityóó.Ð ,| ÐÌà  àAs€a€preliminary€matter,€waivers€of€liability€are€permitted€under€Franklin€law€except€whereÐ  p Ðprohibited€by€statute€or€public€policy.€€òòLundóó.€€There€is€no€statute€here,€so€the€enforceability€of€the€waiverÐ j Ðwill€depend€on€whether€it€complies€with€public€policy.Ð d ÐÌà  àIn€addition,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that€exculpatory€contracts€or€waivers€will€be€construed€againstÐ  X Ðthe€party€seeking€to€protect€itself€from€liability.€€òòLundóó.€€Ð !R ÐÌà  àIn€òòLundóó,€the€Franklin€Supreme€Court,€citing€òòSchmidtóó,€set€forth€a€two„part€test€for€determiningÐ ö"F Ðwhether€a€waiver€(or€exculpatory€contract)€is€void€for€public€policy€reasons,€supplemented€by€a€thirdÐ ð#@  Ðrelevant€condition.€€Each€prong€of€the€test€is€discussed€below.Ð ê$: ! ÐÌà  àA.à ` àòòThe€Language€of€the€Waiveróó.€€The€first€prong€of€the€test€is€that€the€language€of€the€waiverÐ Þ&."# Ðð ðcannot€be€overbroad€but€must€clearly,€unambiguously€and€unmistakably€inform€the€signer€of€what€is€beingÐ Ø'(#$ Ðwaived.ðð€€In€òòLundóó,€the€court€held€that€a€waiver€was€void€where€the€signer€released€a€swim€club€from€allÐ Ò("$% Ðliability,€without€regard€to€fault.€€In€òòSchmidtóó,€a€release€was€unenforceable€where€is€failed€to€mention€theÐ Ì)%& Ðword€ð ðnegligenceðð€and€was€vaguely€worded.€€The€òòLundóó€court,€while€noting€that€including€the€Ô_ÔwordÐ Æ*&' Ðð ðnegligenceðð€is€not€required,€does€state,€following€the€Restatement€of€Contracts,€that€a€waiver€may€notÐ ° Ðexculpate€from€harm€caused€by€a€defendantððs€intentional€or€reckless€conduct,€but€only€from€ordinaryÐ ªú Ðnegligence.€€Mr.€Oliverððs€proposed€waiver€is€Ô_ÔoverbroadÔ_Ô,€since€it€attempts€to€release€the€skate€park€fromÐ ¤ô Ðliability€for€òòallóó€damages,€whatever€their€cause,€including€òòanyóó€actions€by€the€park€or€its€employees.€€AÐ žî ÐFranklin€court€could€likely€find€this€waiver,€as€drafted,€unenforceable.Ð ˜è Ðà@ìì*ìàˆÌà  àB.à ` àòòWaiver€Formóó.à  àThe€second€prong€of€the€test€used€in€Franklin€is€whether€the€waiver,Ð Œ Ü Ðð ðviewed€in€its€entirety€[alerts]€the€signer€to€the€nature€and€significance€of€what€is€being€signed.ðð€€In€òòLundóó,Ð † Ö Ðthe€court€held€that€where€a€registration€form€and€waiver€were€on€the€same€pre„printed€card,€all€the€printÐ € Ð Ðwas€of€equal€size€and€prominence,€and€the€waiver€was€not€conspicuously€labeled€as€such,€the€waiver€wasÐ z Ê  Ðinsufficient€to€inform€the€signer€of€the€rights€being€waived.€€The€courtððs€holding€in€òòSchmidtóó€was€exactly€theÐ tÄ  Ðsame.€€Further,€in€òòLundóó,€the€court€noted€that€the€form€was€not€explained€to€the€plaintiff€and€that€she€wasÐ n¾  Ðunder€time€pressure€to€sign,€with€no€opportunity€to€negotiate.€€Mr.€Oliverððs€proposed€arrangement€hasÐ h¸  Ðmany€of€the€same€flaws.€€The€registration€and€waiver€are€on€the€same€form,€the€print€size€on€the€waiver€isÐ b²  Ðòòsmalleróó€than€the€rest€of€the€form,€and€there€is€only€one€place€to€sign.€€In€addition,€Mr.€Oliver€explained€inÐ \¬  Ðhis€client€interview€that€the€park€guests€will€sign€the€form€at€the€cash€register,€where€they€will€be€waiting€onÐ V¦ Ðline,€as€in€òòLundóó,€with€no€opportunity€to€negotiate€and€without€having€the€frm€explained.€€Therefore,€unlessÐ P  Ðchanges€are€made,€the€waiver€will€likely€fail€the€second€prong€of€the€òòLundóó€test.Ð Jš ÐÌà  àC.à ` àòòBargaining€Poweróó.à h àIn€addition€to€the€two€prong€test,€the€òòLundóó€court€stated€that€it€alsoÐ >Ž Ðconsiders€whether€there€is€unequal€bargaining€power€between€the€parties.€€As€discussed€above,€teenagersÐ 8ˆ Ðwill€be€under€pressure€to€sign€quickly,€and€have€essentially€no€opportunity€to€negotiate,€if€they€want€to€beÐ 2‚ Ðadmitted.€€This€will€be€the€òòonlyóó€skate€park€in€town;€also,€public€spaces€are€increasingly€being€forbidden€toÐ ,| Ðskateboarders.€€Thus,€anyone€who€wishes€to€skateboard€will€have€no€choice€but€to€sign€the€waiver.€€ThisÐ &v Ðis€an€additional€argument€against€Ô_ÔenforceabilityÔ_Ô.Ð  p ÐÌÔ_ÔII.Ô_Ôà  àòòSuggested€Changes€to€the€Waiveróó.Ð d Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àA.à ` àThe€form€stating€park€rules€and€the€waiver€should€be€split€into€òòtwoóó€òòseparateóó€documents,Ð  X Ðeach€with€a€signature€line€at€the€bottom.€€The€agreement€to€abide€by€park€rules€should€be€part€of€theÐ !R Ðregistration€form,€and€the€agreement€to€waive€liability€should€be€part€of€the€second€form.Ð ü!L ÐÌà  àB.à ` àThe€print€size€of€the€waiver,€or€its€operative€provisions,€should€be€more€conspicuous,€inÐ ð#@  Ðlarger€type,€bolded,€or€capitals.Ð ê$: ! Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àC.à ` àThe€waiver€language€should€be€revised€to€waive€liability€òòonlyóó€with€respect€to€negligence€byÐ Þ&."# Ðthe€park,€and€only€with€respect€to€foreseeable€types€of€injury.€€It€should€be€made€clearer,€with€lessÐ Ø'(#$ Ðredundancy,€and€put€in€language€a€teenager€would€understand.€€It€should€also€be€much€shorter€over„all.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌà  àD.à ` àI€would€also€suggest€adding€to€the€prohibition€on€alcohol€and€drugs€a€prohibition€on€òòenteringóóÐ Æ*&' ÐÑ ¿[Ñâ  âÑ„‘Ñâ  âÑ  ÑÔ_Ôthe€park€under€the€influence,€since€the€newspaper€article€indicates€that€drunken€skateboarding€is€anÐ ° Ðincreasing€problem.Ð ªú ÐÌIII.à  àòòSignature€by€a€MinoróóÐ žî Ðà  àFranklin€law€provides€that€contracts€made€by€minors€are€voidable€by€them€unless€ratified€uponÐ ˜è Ðreaching€majority.€€The€law€specifically€excepts€contracts€made€on€behalf€of€a€minor€by€a€parent€orÐ ’ â Ðguardian.€€Here,€Mr.€Oliver€proposes€to€have€just€the€minor€sign.€€This€is€unadvisable.€€Minors€should€printÐ Œ Ü Ðthe€form€out€from€the€website€or€pick€it€up€at€the€park,€have€it€signed€by€their€òòparentsóó,€and€return€it€to€theÐ † Ö Ðpark.€€This€would€have€the€added€benefit€of€giving€them€more€time€to€look€it€over.Ð € Ð ÐÌà  àThere€is€no€case€law€in€Franklin€as€to€whether€the€parentððs€signature€will€be€sufficient€to€avoidÐ tÄ  Ðliability€as€against€the€child.€€However,€Columbia,€also€in€the€15òòthóó€Circuit,€has€held€that€ð ðparents€have€theÐ n¾  Ðauthority€to€bind€their€minor€children€to€exculpatory€agreements€in€favor€of€òòvolunteers€and€sponsorsóó€ofÐ h¸  Ðòònonprofitóó€sport€activities€where€the€cause€of€action€sounds€in€negligence.ðð€€[emphasis€added]€€òòHolumóó.€€TheÐ b²  Ðcircumstances€here€are€different.€€This€is€a€òòfor„profitóó€park€that€will€be€charging€admission,€sellingÐ \¬  Ðmerchandise,€and€selling€food€and€drink.€€In€addition,€the€public€policy€of€encouraging€sports€does€not€applyÐ V¦ Ðas€strongly,€if€at€all,€to€skateboarding€as€to€soccer.€€Skateboarding€is€an€activity€that€the€town€is€trying€toÐ P  Ðlimit,€not€increase;€it€results€in€many€injuries€and€according€to€the€news€article€has€been€associated€with€anti„Ð Jš Ðsocial€behavior€in€teens.€€Although€Mr.€Oliver€obviously€wants€to€help€kids€out,€there€is€no€denying€that€hisÐ D” Ðprimary€goal€is€pecuniary€gain.€€The€best€course€of€action€is€to€prepare€a€waiver€that€will€be€signed€by€òòbothóóÐ >Ž Ðthe€child€òòandóó€his€or€her€parents.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌà  àI€€note,€as€an€aside,€that€we€should€encourage€Mr.€Oliver€to€incorporate€his€business,€if€he€has€notÐ ,| Ðalready,€to€avoid€personal€liability€for€any€injuries.Ð &v ÐÓ€áÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ =,'. ЇÌÌÌÌÓ  Óò òMULTISTATE€PERFORMANCE€TESTÐ Œ Ü ÐÌREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€€2Ð z Ê  Ðó óÌÌHall€&€Gray€LLPÐ ß/  ÐAttorneys€At€LawÐ V¦ Ð730€Amsterdam€Ave.Ð Í ÐBanford,€Franklin€33701Ð D” ÐÌÌÓ  ÓTo:à  àDeanna€HallÐ ©ù ÐFrom:à  àApplicantÐ  p  ÐRe:à  àLiability€Waiver€for€Velocity€ParkÐ —ç" ÐDate:à  àFebruary€26,€2008Ð ^$ ÐÌÌÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ€ÓIntroduction€Ð s#Ã* Ðà  àÌà  àThis€memorandum€is€to€apprise€you€of€the€statutory€and€case€law€that€governs€liability€waivers.€Ð g%· , ÐÐ ÐA.€€Does€the€proposed€waiver€protect€Velocity€Park€from€liability.Ð ['«". ÐÑ  Ñà  à€Ð U(¥#/ Ðà  àPublic€policy€concerns€govern€over€waivers.€€Lund.€€The€court€will€not€uphold€a€waiver€thatÐ O)Ÿ$0 Ðcreates€a€tension€between€the€right€to€contract€freely€and€when€a€tortfeasor€contracts€awayÐ I*™%1 Ðresponsibility€for€negligent€acts€that€would€encourage€substandard€behavior.€€Lund.€€Here,€the€skateÐ C+“&2 Ðpark€waiver€appears€to€contract€away€any€liability€of€the€skate€park€with€the€following€languageÐ =,'3 Ðð ðforever€release......from€all€legal€liability€including€but€not€limited......of€whatever€kind€I€have€or€whichÐ 7-‡(4 Ðhereafter€accrue€to€me.....€whether€such€injuries€result€from€equipment€failure€or€conditions€in€the€park.ðð€Ð ° ÐÐ Ðà  àA€waiver€must€satisfy€two€requirements€for€it€to€be€enforceable€and€not€against€public€policy.€Ð ¤ô ÐLund.€€First,€it€must€be€clear€and€not€overbroad€language€to€inform€the€signer€of€what€is€being€waived.€Ð žî ÐLund.€€Second,€the€waiver€form€must€alert.€€Lund.€€A€factor€that€the€court€will€consider€is€whether€thereÐ ˜è Ðis€substantial€disparity€in€bargaining€Ð ’ â Ðpower€between€the€parties.€€Lund.Ð Œ Ü ЀÐ Ðà  àBroad€language€includes€language€that€shifts€liability€for€a€tortfeasorððs€conduct€including€recklessÐ € Ð Ðand€intentional€conduct€will€not€be€enforced.€€Lund.€€Here,€the€language€of€the€waiver€as€stated€aboveÐ z Ê  Ðcan€be€construed€to€mean€that€any€reckless€or€intentional€conduct€of€the€employees€or€owners€of€theÐ tÄ  Ðskate€park€cannot€be€the€basis€of€a€cause€of€action.€€This€will€not€be€upheld€if€the€courts€enforce€theÐ n¾  Ðholding€in€Lund.Ð h¸  ЀÐ Ðà  àThe€Lund€court€upheld€the€Schmidt€court€finding€that€a€pass€that€contains€a€broad€exculpatoryÐ \¬  Ðclause€will€not€be€upheld.€€Schmidt€v.€Tyrol€Mountain€(Franklin€Sup.€Ct.€1996).€€In€Schmidt€and€Lund,Ð V¦ Ðthe€waiver€was€within€the€actual€registration€form.€€The€courts€found€that€the€form€did€not€fullyÐ P  Ðcommunicate€the€waiverððs€significance€and€nature€because€it€served€a€dual€purpose.€Lund€&€Schmidt.€Ð Jš ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àWaivers€should€be€separate€documents€that€give€notice.€The€signature€of€waiver€should€be€aÐ >Ž Ðdifferent€and€separate€signature€from€entrance€or€registration€signature.€The€waiver€needs€to€beÐ 8ˆ Ðconspicuous.€It€is€irrelevant€of€the€size€of€the€letters€or€fonts.€Ð 2‚ ÐÌà  àThe€skate€park€form€also€serves€two€purposes.€It€is€a€registration€form€as€well€as€waiver.€TheÐ &v Ðrelease€section€is€not€conspicuously€labeled€and€will€be€found€to€be€insufficient€to€alert€the€signer€of€theÐ  p Ðwaiver€of€liability€for€their€own€negligence€and€for€otherððs€negligence.Ð j ЀÐ Ðà  àFor€the€waiver€to€be€enforceable,€it€should€be€a€separate€form.€The€waiverððs€language€does€notÐ ^ Ðhave€to€include€the€word€ð ðnegligenceðð,€but€should€state€terms€that€the€party€signing€is€releasing€othersÐ  X Ðfrom€their€negligent€act.€Lund€and€Schmidt.€Ð !R ÐÌÑ  Ñà  àIf€the€skate€park€is€sued€for€a€tort,€the€waiver€form,€according€to€the€above€holdings,€will€not€beÐ ö"F Ðupheld.€Ð ð#@  ÐÌà  àThe€waiver€will€only€bar€claims€that€the€parties€contemplated€when€they€executed€Ð ä%4!" Ðthe€contract.€The€Banford€Courier€illustrated€many€types€of€injuries€that€can€occur€while€skating€or€in€aÐ Þ&."# Ðskate€park.€Some€injuries€include:€wrist€injuries,€rare€deaths€from€falls,€injuries€caused€by€surfaceÐ Ø'(#$ Ðconditions,€beginner€skateboarders,€and€intoxicated€skateboarders.€Based€on€the€interview€with€ZekeÐ Ò("$% ÐOliver,€the€owner€of€the€skate€park,€he€only€contemplates€bruises€and€scrapes.€The€terms€of€theÐ Ì)%& Ðproposed€waiver€would€not€cover€these€other€types€of€injuries€since€it€was€not€contemplated€by€theÐ Æ*&' Ðowner.€Ð À+'( ÐÐ º, () Ðà  àBargaining€power€is€a€factor€that€the€courts€will€consider.€This€includes€whether€the€registrantsÐ ° Ðhave€an€opportunity€to€negotiate,€or€if€they€were€simply€told€to€sign€the€form.€Pointing€out€the€waiverÐ ªú Ðand€explaining€it€is€also€an€important€factor€that€the€courts€will€consider.€Finally,€the€court€will€considerÐ ¤ô Ðwhether€the€waiver€had€to€occur€in€line€while€other€patrons€are€putting€pressure€on€the€registrant.€Ð žî ÐÌB.€€Specific€revisions,€including€replacement€language€and€layout.Ð ’ â ЀÐ Ðà  à1.€€The€waiver€should€be€a€separate€form.€Ð † Ö Ðà  àÌà  à2.€€The€waiver€should€have€a€conspicuous€title.Ð z Ê  Ðà  àÌà  à3.€€The€waiver€should€be€more€specific,€and€include€what€types€of€negligent€acts€the€parties€areÐ n¾  Ðwaiving€liability.€The€waiver€should€include€the€types€of€injuries€that€are€typical€in€skateboarding€asÐ h¸  Ðdescribed€above.€Factors€to€consider€are€how€well€the€skate€park€will€keep€its€grounds€safe€and€free€ofÐ b²  Ðdangers.€Another€factor€to€include€will€be€how€well€trained€and€paid€the€staff€will€be.€Ð \¬  Ðà  à4.€€The€waiver€should€include€what€type€of€first€aid€will€be€administered€and€that€it€will€beÐ V¦ Ðminimal.€Ð P  Ðà  àÌà  à5.€€A€child€should€not€be€permitted€to€sign€the€waiver.€A€parent€or€guardian€should€sign.€ThisÐ D” Ðdoes€not€mean€that€a€waiver€must€be€signed€every€time€the€child€enters.€Perhaps,€a€different€waiverÐ >Ž Ðform€for€children€should€be€designed,€including€that€the€parent€waives€liability€for€their€own€claims€andÐ 8ˆ Ðthe€claims€of€their€child.€The€form€should€state€that€the€waiver€is€good€for€a€certain€period.€Upon€theÐ 2‚ Ðexpiration€of€that€period,€another€form€must€be€signed€before€the€child€is€permitted€to€use€the€parkÐ ,| Ðagain.€Ð &v Ðà  àÌà  à6.€€The€form€shou!d€state€that€it€waives€liability€if€the€participant€enters€while€intoxicated.€Ð j ÐÌà  àOther€things€that€I€would€consider€informing€our€client€is€that€he€should€request€beginners€toÐ ^ Ðtake€a€certain€number€of€classes€before€using€the€skate€park€at€their€own€discretion.€This€will€minimizeÐ  X Ðinjury€and€any€potential€litigation.€The€park€should€require€more€safety€gear€such€as€slip€resistant€shoes,Ð !R Ðand€wrist€guards.€The€staff€at€the€park€should€be€trained€to€look€for€potential€hazards€in€the€surface€ofÐ ü!L Ðthe€park€and€warn€or€eliminate€risks€to€users.€Ð ö"F ÐÌC.€€Will€any€waiver€be€enforceable€if€signed€only€by€a€minor.€Ð ê$: ! ÐÐ Ðà  àWaiver€of€a€child€signing?€Ð Þ&."# ÐÌà  àIn€the€State€of€Franklin,€the€law€for€waivers€in€contract€is€explicitly€stated€in€the€decision€ofÐ Ò("$% ÐLund€v.€Swim€World,€Inc.,€Franklin€Supreme€Court€(2005)€(ð ðLundðð).€Ð Ì)%& ÐÌà  àWaivers€of€liability€are€permissible€in€Franklin,€except€when€prohibited€by€statute€or€publicÐ À+'( Ðpolicy.€In€Franklin,€the€only€types€of€contracts€that€are€prohibited€are€contracts€that€minors€entered€into.Ð º, () ÐSection€41€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Franklin€Statutes€„€Civil€Action€(hereinafter€referred€simply€by€statuteÐ ° Ðname).€A€contract€made€on€behalf€of€a€minor€is€not€prohibited.€See€Section€41(b)(3).€Ð ªú ÐÌà  àTherefore,€any€contracts€that€a€minor€signs€is€unenforceable€because€it€is€expressly€prohibited€inÐ žî Ðthe€State€of€Franklin.€Ð ˜è ÐÌà  àWaiver€of€a€parent€signing€on€behalf€of€a€child?€Ð Œ Ü ÐÌà  àThe€Franklin€Supreme€Court€has€not€weighed€in€on€whether€parents€who€sign€contract€for€theirÐ € Ð Ðminors€are€enforceable.€However€the€language€of€Section€41€(b)(3),€and€the€weight€of€the€ColumbiaÐ z Ê  ÐSupreme€Court,€a€jurisdiction€within€the€15th€circuit,€provides€guidance.€Ð tÄ  ÐÌà  àIn€Holum€v.€Bruges€Soccer€Club€Inc.,€Columbia€Supreme€Court€(1999)€(ð ðHolumðð),€the€courtÐ h¸  Ðheld€that€a€parental€or€guardian€waiver€is€enforceable.€It€is€important€to€note€that€Holum€decided€that€aÐ b²  Ðstronger€public€policy€exists€to€uphold€contracts€that€benefit€the€community,€than€to€strike€downÐ \¬  Ðwaivers.€Ð V¦ ÐÌà  àIn€Columbia,€the€general€rule€is€that€adults€who€waive€liability€from€negligent€acts€arising€fromÐ Jš Ðrecreational€activities€are€enforceable€whether€or€not€the€negligent€acts€results€from€the€participant€orÐ D” Ðthe€provider€of€the€activity.€Holum.€This€supports€an€individual€autonomy€and€freedom.€Holum.€Ð >Ž ÐÐ Ðà  àIn€that€case€the€waiver€of€a€childððs€participation€in€soccer€was€broad,€and€included€in€theÐ 2‚ Ðregistration€form.€The€court€upheld€the€appellate€courtððs€finding€that€release€applied€to€the€parentððsÐ ,| Ðcause€of€actions.€Ð &v ÐÌà  àThe€court€examined€whether€the€parentððs€may€release€their€childrenððs€claims.€Holum.€The€courtÐ j Ðdiscussed€how€recreational€activities€provide€kids€with€an€opportunity€to€develop€skills.€The€courtÐ d Ðrecognized€that€assistance€of€volunteers€allows€organizations€to€offer€activities€at€minimal€costs,€and€theÐ ^ Ðthreat€of€liability€should€not€outweigh€the€benefit€of€providing€the€activity.€Ð  X ÐÌà  àThe€Holum€court€held€that€the€invalidation€of€waivers€would€reduce€the€activities€offered.€In€soÐ ü!L Ðfinding,€the€court€found€that€the€parentððs€agreed€to€shoulder€the€risk,€and€that€they€have€the€authority€toÐ ö"F Ðenter€into€these€types€of€binding€agreements€for€their€child.€This€also€supports€the€policy€that€parentððsÐ ð#@  Ðhave€authority€to€make€decisions€for€their€children.€It€is€comparable€to€the€state€statute€permittingÐ ê$: ! Ðcontracts€of€necessity.€Ð ä%4!" ÐÌà  àThe€Holum€court€did€not€state€that€their€holding€extended€to€organizations€that€were€for€profit.Ð Ø'(#$ ЀÐ Ðà  àBased€on€the€laws€stated€above,€it€is€clear€that€parents€should€sign€the€waivers€for€their€childrenÐ Ì)%& Ðat€a€minimum.€Only€one€parental€signature€is€required.€Both€would€be€better.€Ð Æ*&' ÐÐ Ðà  àAlthough€the€courts€have€not€clearly€stated€that€the€Holum€holding€will€apply€to€Ð º, () Ðthe€skate€park€as€a€profit€organization,€there€are€factors€that€could€aid€in€finding€that€parentððs€waiversÐ ° Ðare€enforceable.€Ð ªú ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€Franklin€statute€explicitly€stated€that€contract€formed€into€by€a€guardian€or€parent€forÐ žî Ðthe€benefit€of€a€child€are€not€prohibited.€Second,€the€skate€park€is€charging€a€minimum€fee€right€now€soÐ ˜è Ðthat€children€can€use€the€park.€Third,€the€owner€of€the€park€intends€to€eventually€offer€this€activity€freeÐ ’ â Ðat€cost€to€help€kids€who€want€to€take€out€their€energy€in€a€constructive€fashion.€These€facts€would€lendÐ Œ Ü Ðto€a€strong€argument€that€for€public€policy€purposes,€parentððs€waiver€should€be€enforceable.€Ð † Ö ÐÌò òConclusionó ó:€Ð z Ê  ÐÌà  àThis€skate€park€has€a€great€deal€of€public€value,€which€has€been€recognized€by€the€courts.€TheÐ n¾  Ðskate€park€however€should€make€itself€more€aware€of€the€risks€of€liability€and€how€to€avoid€litigation.Ð h¸  ÐÐ ÐÌÌÌÌÓ€•4ÓÓ€Ó