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Ú€of€Ú  Ú9Ú  Úó ó Ñ ° Ñ(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔwww.ncbex2.org/catalog/ Ñ ° Ñ(.3½Þ$©©Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý Ñ ° Ñ Ñ ° ÑÑ ° Ñ ²Ý ƒ7½Þ'ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXÔà@: : ìàMULTISTATE€PERFORMANCE€TESTó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp@#Ô(.3½Þ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ‡!XpXXXÔÑ€2OaÑÑ€4OaÑÑ€5äVÑÑ€/OaÑÖ€.ÿÿÖJULY€2008Ð ° ÐMULTISTATE€PERFORMANCE€TEST€(MPT)ó óÔ#†XpXX!XpL#Ôà @ àÔ‡!XpXXXpÔò òÐ ªú ÐÔ#†XpXX!Xp5#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔó óÌÌÓ  Óà  àThe€MPT€Question€administered€by€the€State€Board€of€Law€Examiners€for€the€July€2008€barÐ ˜è Ðexamination€was€òòò òWilliams€v.€A„1€Automotive€Center.óóó ó€€Two€representative€good€answers€selectedÐ ’ â Ðby€the€Board€are€included€here,€beginning€at€page€2.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌà  àThe€National€Conference€of€Bar€Examiners€publishes€the€MPT€Question€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetððÐ € Ð Ðdescribing€the€issues€and€the€discussion€expected€in€a€successful€response€to€the€MPT€Question.€€TheÐ z Ê  Ðð ðpoint€sheetðð€is€analogous€to€the€Boardððs€Analysis€prepared€by€the€State€Board€of€Law€Examiners€forÐ tÄ  Ðeach€of€the€essay€questions.Ð n¾  ÐÌà  àThe€NCBE€does€not€permit€the€Board€to€publish€the€MPT€Question€or€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€on€theÐ b²  ÐBoardððs€website.€€However,€the€NCBE€does€offer€the€MPT€Question€and€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€for€sale€on€itsÐ \¬  Ðwebsite,€and€the€July€2008€MPT€is€now€available€there.Ð V¦ ÐÌà  àò òMaterials€for€an€unsuccessful€applicant:ó ó€€An€applicant€who€was€unsuccessful€on€the€JulyÐ Jš Ð2008€Maryland€bar€examination€may€obtain€a€copy€of€the€MPT€Question,€his€or€her€MPT€answer,Ð D” Ðrepresentative€good€answers€selected€by€the€Board,€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€for€the€July€2008€MPTÐ >Ž ÐQuestion€administered€as€a€component€of€the€Maryland€bar€examination.€€This€material€is€provided€toÐ 8ˆ Ðeach€unsuccessful€applicant€who€requests,€in€writing,€a€copy€of€the€answers€in€accordance€withÐ 2‚ Ðinstructions€mailed€with€the€results€of€the€bar€examination.€€The€deadline€for€an€unsuccessful€applicant€toÐ ,| Ðrequest€this€material€is€January€6,€2009.Ð &v Ðò òÌà  àMaterials€for€anyone€other€than€an€unsuccessful€applicantó ó:€Anyone€else€may€obtain€theÐ j ÐMPT€Question€and€the€ð ðpoint€sheetðð€only€by€purchasing€them€at€the€NCBE€Online€Store.€Ð d ÐÓ³ÓÌÌUse€the€following€link€to€access€the€ò òNCBE€Online€Storeó ó:€Ô4‚1Ý ÔÝ‚0ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  Ôwww.ncbex2.org/catalog/Ô6C ÔÝ‚0ÍOW ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý !… ÔÔ#†XpXX!Xp#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔò òÐ !R ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ À+'( ÐÑ2OaÑâ 2âѰ°Ñâ 2âÑ  ÑÌÌÖ€6ÿÿÖÔ#†XpXX!Xp" #ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€1Ð fô ÐÔ#†XpXX!Xp÷ #ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÌÔ#†XpXX!Xpe #ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓMemoÐ Z è ÐÓÓ ÓÌTo:€à  àTania€MillerÐ N Ü ÐFrom:€Associate€AttorneyÐ H Ö ÐDate:€€July€29,€2008Ð BÐ ÐRe:€€à  àWilliams€v.€Biggs€d/b/a/€A„1€Automotive€Centeró óÔ#†XpXX!Xp¨ #ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ <Ê  ÐÌà  àWe€represent€Robert€Williams€in€a€dispute€with€A„1€Automotive€Center€(A„1),€concerningÐ 0¾  Ðrepairs€that€A„1€made€to€his€minivan,€and€there€are€four€potentially€actionable€statements€made€byÐ *¸  ÐAaron€Biggs,€who€owns€and€operates€A„1,€under€the€complaint€of€fraud.€€As€stated€by€the€court€inÐ $²  ÐFoster€v.€Panera,€a€complaint€of€fraud€must€allege€the€following€elements:€(1)€a€materialÐ ¬  Ðmisrepresentation€of€fact€by€the€defendant,€(2)€made€with€knowledge€of€its€falsity,€(3)€made€with€intentÐ ¦ Ðto€deceive€or€induce€reliance,€(4)€reasonable€reliance€by€the€plaintiff€upon€the€misrepresentation,€andÐ   Ð(5)€loss€by€the€plaintiff€as€a€proximate€result€of€the€misrepresentation.€The€following€analyzes€which€ofÐ  š Ðthe€four€statements€are€actionable€and€which€are€not€under€the€theory€of€fraud.Ð ” ÐÌ1)€€€à  àThe€first€statement€made€by€Aaron€was€that€he€had€"found€a€notification€from€Dodge€about€aÐ úˆ Ðdefect€causing€the€gears€to€grind€down."€€For€this€to€be€an€actionable€statement,€the€elements€of€fraudÐ ô‚ Ðmust€be€met.€€First,€this€must€be€a€material€misrepresentation€of€fact€by€the€defendant.€€Here,€theÐ î| Ðnotification€is€material€because€a€reasonable€person€learning€about€problems€with€the€automobileÐ èv Ðtransmission€would€have€considered€the€notification€as€an€important€factor€in€determining€whether€toÐ âp Ðhave€the€transmission€repaired€or€replaced.€€Second,€the€statement€must€be€made€with€knowledge€of€itsÐ Üj Ðfalsity.€€Here,€Dodge€had€not€circulated€any€notification€about€any€problems€with€the€transmissions€in€itsÐ Öd Ð2003€minivans.€€Therefore,€it€can€be€presumed€that€Aaron€made€the€statement€knowing€it€was€falseÐ Ð ^ Ðsince€a€notification€was€never€issued€by€Dodge.€€Third,€the€statement€must€be€made€with€the€intent€toÐ Ê!X Ðdeceive€or€induce€reliance.€€Here,€Aaron€intended€to€deceive€Williams€into€believing€that€there€was€aÐ Ä"R Ðproblem€with€the€transmission€and€that€the€transmission€had€to€be€repaired€or€replaced.€€Fourth,€thereÐ ¾#L Ðmust€be€reasonable€reliance€by€the€plaintiff€upon€the€misrepresentation.€€Here,€the€transmission€hadÐ ¸$F Ðalready€been€removed€from€the€minivan€and€disassembled€by€the€time€Williams€arrived€at€the€shop.€Ð ²%@  ÐWilliams€was€planning€on€leaving€for€vacation€the€next€day€and€felt€he€had€no€choice€other€than€to€put€aÐ ¬&: ! Ðrebuilt€transmission€into€his€minivan.€€Finally,€there€must€be€loss€by€the€plaintiff€as€a€proximate€result€ofÐ ¦'4!" Ðthe€misrepresentation.€€Here,€Williams€incurred€a€loss€of€$1,887€for€the€bill€from€A„1€on€car€repairs€thatÐ  (."# Ðwere€unnecessary€and€not€done€correctly€and€a€loss€of€$128€on€the€bill€from€Mission€to€repair€theÐ š)(#$ Ðtransmission€leak€which€had€been€caused€by€A„1's€improper€reinstallation€of€the€transmission.€Ð ”*"$% ÐTherefore,€the€elements€of€fraud€for€the€first€statement€are€met€and€Williams€has€an€actionable€claim€forÐ Ž+%& ÐÑ5äVÑâ 5âѰ°ÑѰ°Ñâ 5âÑ  Ñthis€statement.Ð r ÐÌÔ& î Ô2)€€€€à  àThe€second€statement€made€by€Aaron€was,€"Your€transmission€is€going€to€fail,€and€soon!"€€ForÐ fô Ðthis€to€be€an€actionable€statement,€this€must€be€a€material€misrepresentation€of€fact€by€the€defendant.€Ð ` î ÐThe€issue€here€is€whether€this€is€an€expression€of€opinion€or€a€statement€of€fact.€€TheÔ'îfbÔ€court€in€MadisonÐ Z è Ðv.€Brooks€stated€that€fraud€cannot€be€predicated€upon€the€mere€expression€of€an€opinion€which€isÐ T â Ðunderstood€to€be€only€an€estimate€or€a€judgment.€€The€person€to€whom€such€a€statement€is€made€hasÐ N Ü Ðno€right€to€rely€upon€the€statement,€and€does€so€at€his€peril.€€However,€the€court€noted€an€exception€toÐ H Ö Ðthis€rule€where€the€opinion€relates€to€a€subject€as€to€which€the€parties€do€not€have€equal€knowledge€orÐ BÐ Ðmeans€of€ascertaining€the€truth.€€Where€the€party€making€the€misrepresentation€has€special€knowledgeÐ <Ê  Ðof€the€facts€underlying€the€opinion,€or€is€"possessed€of€superior€knowledge€respecting€such€matters,Ð 6Ä  Ðwith€a€design€to€deceive€and€mislead,"€the€positive€assertion€of€a€matter,€which€stated€in€another€formÐ 0¾  Ðmight€be€a€mere€opinion,€may€be€actionable€if€the€statement€was€false.€€See€also€Novotny€and€Wong€v.Ð *¸  ÐHall€Lumber.Ð $²  ÐÌà  àHere,€Williams€allegations€fall€within€this€exception.€€Aaron€alleged€that€the€transmission€wasÐ ¦ Ðgoing€to€fail€and€would€fail€soon.€€As€stated€above,€Aaron€did€not€receive€a€notification€from€DodgeÐ   Ðregarding€defects€in€the€gears€and€in€fact€replaced€the€original€transmission€back€in€the€minivan.€Ð  š ÐWilliams€relied€upon€Aaron's€skill€in€the€automotive€business;€and€Williams,€who€had€no€expertise€inÐ ” Ðautomotive€repairs,€did€not€possess€reasonable€means€of€ascertaining€the€truth€of€Aaron's€statements.€Ð Ž ÐTherefore,€the€first€element€of€fraud€is€met.€€The€remaining€elements€of€fraud€are€met€as€discussed€forÐ úˆ Ðthe€first€statement.Ð ô‚ ÐÌÓ€ ((н83*ÓØ! !Ø3)€€€€€à  àThe€third€statement€made€by€Aaron€was,€"It€would€also€help€if€we€installed€an€extra€cooler€toÐ èv Ðkeep€it€from€running€hot."€€Like€the€second€statement,€the€issue€here€is€whether€this€is€an€expression€ofÐ âp Ðopinion€or€a€statement€of€fact.€€The€exception€where€there€is€unequal€knowledge€between€the€partiesÐ Üj Ðthat€applied€for€the€second€statement€does€not€apply.€€Regarding€the€cooler,€Williams€told€Aaron€that€ifÐ Öd Ðthe€minivan€needed€an€extra€cooler,€the€manufacturer€would€have€installed€one.€€Even€though€WilliamsÐ Ð ^ Ðhad€no€expertise€in€automotive€repair,€he€knew€enough€about€the€car€that€an€extra€cooler€was€notÐ Ê!X Ðneeded.€€Therefore,€this€statement€is€an€expression€of€opinion.€€As€stated€by€the€court€in€Madison€v.Ð Ä"R ÐBrooks,€fraud€cannot€be€predicated€upon€the€mere€expression€of€an€opinion€which€is€understood€to€beÐ ¾#L Ðonly€an€estimate€or€a€judgment.€€The€person€to€whom€such€a€statement€is€made€has€no€right€to€relyÐ ¸$F Ðupon€the€statement,€and€does€so€at€his€peril.€€Here€Aaron€did€not€rely€upon€the€statement.€Therefore,Ð ²%@  Ðthis€statement€is€not€actionable€under€an€allegation€of€fraud.Ð ¬&: ! ÐÌ4)€€€€€€€The€fourth€statement€made€by€Aaron€was,€"I€guarantee€the€job."€€In€Rogers€v.€StatementÐ  (."# ÐInsurance,€the€court€concluded€that€when€a€promise€is€made€with€no€intent€to€perform,€it€constitutes€aÐ š)(#$ Ðmisrepresentation€of€fact.€€A€promise€is€a€statement€of€intention€to€perform€some€action€in€the€future.€€IfÐ ”*"$% Ðthe€maker€of€the€promise€honestly€intends€to€follow€through€on€that€intention€at€the€time€of€the€promise,Ð Ž+%& ÐÑ4OaÑâ 4âѰ°Ñâ 4âÑ  Ñthe€statement€cannot€give€rise€to€an€action€for€fraud.€€Here,€Aaron€did€not€rely€on€the€statement€becauseÐ r Ðhe€had€already€paid€for€the€work€before€he€received€the€receipt€containing€the€alleged€guarantee.Ð lú ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xpõ #ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÔ& è ÔCause€of€Actionó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp -#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ ` î ÐÔ#†XpXX!Xpm-#ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÌà  àStatements€1€and€2€are€actionable€statements€and€separate€causes€of€action€for€fraud€for€eachÐ T â Ðof€these€statements€have€been€drafted€below.Ô'è` ,-ÔÐ N Ü ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!XpÐ-#ÔòòÔ‡!XpXXXpÔò òStatement€1:ó óóóÔ#†XpXX!Xpé.#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ BÐ ÐÌ1.€€Aaron€made€a€material€misrepresentation€of€fact€because€a€reasonable€person€learning€aboutÐ 6Ä  Ðproblems€with€the€automobile€transmission€would€have€considered€the€notification€from€Dodge€as€anÐ 0¾  Ðimportant€factor€in€determining€whether€to€have€the€transmission€repaired€or€replaced.Ð *¸  ÐÑ  ÑÌ2.€€Aaron€made€the€statement€with€knowledge€of€its€falsity€because€Dodge€had€never€circulated€aÐ ¬  Ðnotification€about€any€problems€with€the€transmissions€in€its€2003€minivans.Ð ¦ ÐÌ3.€€Aaron€made€the€statement€with€intent€to€deceive€or€induce€reliance€because€Aaron€intended€toÐ  š Ðdeceive€Williams€into€believing€that€there€was€a€problem€with€the€transmission€and€that€the€transmissionÐ ” Ðhad€to€be€repaired€or€replaced.Ð Ž ÐÌ4.€€There€was€reasonable€reliance€by€the€plaintiff€upon€the€misrepresentation€because€the€transmissionÐ ô‚ Ðhad€already€been€removed€from€the€minivan€and€disassembled€by€the€time€Williams€arrived€at€the€shop,Ð î| Ðand€Williams€was€planning€on€leaving€for€vacation€the€next€day€and€felt€he€had€no€choice€other€than€toÐ èv Ðput€a€rebuilt€transmission€into€his€minivan.Ð âp ÐÌ5.€€The€plaintiff€incurred€a€loss€as€a€proximate€result€of€the€misrepresentation€in€the€amount€of€$1,887Ð Öd Ðfor€the€bill€from€A„1€on€car€repairs€that€were€unnecessary€and€not€done€correctly€and€in€the€amount€ofÐ Ð ^ Ð$128€on€the€bill€from€Mission€to€repair€the€transmission€leak€which€had€been€caused€by€A„1's€improperÐ Ê!X Ðreinstallation€of€the€transmission.€Ð Ä"R ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xp@/#ÔòòÔ‡!XpXXXpÔò òStatement€2:ó óóóÔ#†XpXX!XpV6#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ ¸$F ÐÌ1.€€Aaron€made€a€material€misrepresentation€of€fact€because€Aaron€possessed€of€superior€knowledgeÐ ¬&: ! Ðrespecting€such€matters,€Williams€relied€upon€Aaron's€skill€in€the€business,€and€Williams€did€not€possessÐ ¦'4!" Ðreasonable€means€of€ascertaining€the€truth.Ð  (."# ÐÌ2.€€Aaron€made€the€statement€with€knowledge€of€its€falsity€because€Dodge€had€never€circulated€aÐ ”*"$% Ðnotification€about€any€problems€with€the€transmissions€in€its€2003€minivans.Ð Ž+%& ÐÑ/OaÑâ /âѰ°Ñâ /âÑ  ÑÌ3.€€Aaron€made€the€statement€with€intent€to€deceive€or€induce€reliance€because€Aaron€intended€toÐ lú Ðdeceive€Williams€into€believing€that€there€was€a€problem€with€the€transmission€and€that€the€transmissionÐ fô Ðhad€to€be€repaired€or€replaced.Ð ` î ÐÌ4.€€There€was€reasonable€reliance€by€the€plaintiff€upon€the€misrepresentation€because€the€transmissionÐ T â Ðhad€already€been€removed€from€the€minivan€and€disassembled€by€the€time€Williams€arrived€at€the€shop,Ð N Ü Ðand€Williams€was€planning€on€leaving€for€vacation€the€next€day€and€felt€he€had€no€choice€other€than€toÐ H Ö Ðput€a€rebuilt€transmission€into€his€minivan.Ð BÐ ÐÌ5.€€The€plaintiff€incurred€a€loss€as€a€proximate€result€of€the€misrepresentation€in€the€amount€of€$1,887Ð 6Ä  Ðfor€the€bill€from€A„1€on€car€repairs€that€were€unnecessary€and€not€done€correctly€and€in€the€amount€ofÐ 0¾  Ð$128€on€the€bill€from€Mission€to€repair€the€transmission€leak€which€had€been€caused€by€A„1's€improperÐ *¸  Ðreinstallation€of€the€transmission.€Ð $²  ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xp­6#ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ  ¦ ÐREPRESENTATIVE€ANSWER€2Ð r ÐÌÌó óÔ#†XpXX!Xpè=#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÌÔ#†XpXX!Xpp>#ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡!XpXXXpÔTo:€Tania€MillerÐ Z è ÐFrom:€ApplicantÐ T â ÐRe:€Williams€v.€Biggs€„€causes€of€action€for€fraudÐ N Ü ÐDate:€July€29,€2008Ð H Ö ÐÑ  ÑÔ#†XpXX!Xp¿>#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÌÌIntroductionó óÔ#†XpXX!XpÈ?#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ 6Ä  ÐÌà  àTwo€of€the€four€statements€identified€in€the€Memorandum€to€File€will€support€causes€of€actionÐ *¸  Ðfor€fraud€under€Franklin€case€law.€€€€€Three€of€Mr.€Biggs's€statements€to€Mr.€Williams€can€properly€beÐ $²  Ðcharacterized€as€misrepresentations€relating€to€a€subject€about€which€Mr.€Biggs€had€superiorÐ ¬  Ðknowledge,€made€with€a€design€to€deceive€and€mislead.€€The€fourth€statement€can€be€characterized€as€aÐ ¦ Ðstatement€of€promise,€made€with€no€present€intention€to€perform.€€The€Franklin€Court€of€Appeal€hasÐ   Ðheld€that€both€of€these€kinds€of€statements€are€"actionable"€as€fraud.€€Although€all€four€statements€areÐ  š Ð"actionable,"€only€two€of€them€meet€the€additional€requirement€to€state€a€cause€of€action€for€fraud€thatÐ ” Ðthey€actually€induced€Mr.€Williams'€detrimental€reliance.€€€Each€statement€is€discussed€below,€and€theÐ Ž Ðtwo€causes€of€action€for€fraud€are€set€forth€in€the€annex.Ð úˆ ÐÑ  ÑÌÑ  ÑÔ#†XpXX!Xp@#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔI.€€à0  àMisrepresentations€relating€to€subjects€about€which€Biggs€had€superior€knowledgeó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp®D#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐî|(#(# Ðà  àÌà  àWhile€a€mere€expression€of€opinion€is€not€a€statement€of€fact€and€therefore€is€not€actionable€asÐ âp Ðfraud,€a€statement€of€opinion€relating€to€a€subject€as€to€which€the€parties€do€not€have€equal€knowledgeÐ Üj Ðor€means€of€ascertaining€the€truth€is€actionable€as€fraud€where€the€party€making€the€statement€hasÐ Öd Ð"special€knowledge€of€the€facts€underlying€the€opinion"€and€makes€a€misrepresentation€"with€a€design€toÐ Ð ^ Ðdeceive€and€mislead."€€Madison€v.€BrooksÔ#†XpXX!XpSE#ÔòòÔ‡!XpXXXpÔ€óóÔ#†XpXX!XpÜG#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔ(Fr.€Ct.€App.€1979).€€Distinguishing€these€two€kinds€ofÐ Ê!X Ðstatements,€the€Court€of€Appeals€has€held€that€a€merchant's€descriptions€of€his€goods€or€services€asÐ Ä"R Ð"good,"€"the€best,"€or€"top€quality,"€are€mere€statements€of€opinion,€see€Madison,€citing€Bender€v.€FiatÐ ¾#L ÐCorp.€and€Novotny€v.€Ford€Farms.€€On€the€other€hand,€statements€about€the€particular€specificationsÐ ¸$F Ðor€capabilities€of€particular€products€„€such€as€the€fact€that€seeds€would€be€"drought„resistant,"€or€thatÐ ²%@  Ðwindows€would€"protect€against€rot€for€ten€years"€„€are€statements€relating€to€a€subject€about€which€theÐ ¬&: ! Ðrepresent„or€possesses€superior€knowledge,€such€as€to€be€actionable€as€fraud.€€See€Madison,€citingÐ ¦'4!" ÐNovotny€and€Wong€v.€Hall€Lumber,€Ltd.€€Ð  (."# Ðà  àÌà  àHere,€Mr.€Biggs€made€three€statements€to€Mr.€Williams€which€related€to€Mr.€Biggs's€Ð ”*"$% Ðsuperior€knowledge€of€automotive€parts€and€the€automotive€maintenance,€and€about€which€Mr.Ð Ž+%& ÐWilliams€did€not€have€equal€means€by€which€to€ascertain€the€truth€of€the€statements.€€€Ð r ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xp"H#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔThe€First€Statement:€Mr.€Biggs€"found€a€notification€from€Dodge€..."ó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp-M#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ fô ÐÌà  àWhen€Mr.€Biggs€told€Mr.€Williams€he€"had€found€a€notification€from€Dodge€about€a€defectÐ Z è Ðcausing€the€gears€to€grind€down,"€Mr.€Biggs€apparently€intended€his€statement€to€refer€to€a€purportedÐ T â Ðnotification€that€would€have€been€circulated€by€Dodge€to€its€dealerships€and€other€automotive€repairÐ N Ü Ðshops€servicing€Dodge€vehicles.€€Mission€Dodge€dealership's€statement€that€Dodge€"had€not€circulatedÐ H Ö Ðany€notification"€indicates€that€such€a€procedure€was€indeed€observed.€€Mr.€Williams€would€have€hadÐ BÐ Ðno€ability€to€discover€whether€such€a€special€notification€had€been€circulated€among€auto€repair€shops,Ð <Ê  Ðnot€having€access€to€such€channels€of€communication.€€Thus,€Mr.€Biggs'€statement€was€based€on€Mr.Ð 6Ä  ÐBiggs's€special€knowledge€of€repair„related€advice€circulated€by€automobile€manufacturers.€€AccordingÐ 0¾  Ðto€Mission€Dodge,€this€statement€was€untrue€and€Mr.€Biggs€would€have€known€as€much€at€the€time€ofÐ *¸  Ðmaking€it.€€Also,€Williams€detrimentally€relied€upon€it.€€Thus,€the€statement€supports€a€cause€of€actionÐ $²  Ðfor€fraud.€Ð ¬  ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xp¶M#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔThe€Second€and€Third€Statements:€€"Your€transmission€is€going€to€fail,€and€soon!"€and€"ItÐ   Ðwould€also€help€if€we€installed€an€extra€cooler..."ó óÔ#†XpXX!XpíR#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ  š ÐÌà  àWhen€Mr.€Biggs€stated€to€Mr.€Williams,€"Your€transmission€is€going€to€fail,€and€soon!"€and€"ItÐ Ž Ðwould€also€help€if€we€installed€an€extra€cooler€to€keep€it€from€running€hot,"€these€statements€were€alsoÐ úˆ Ðmade€based€on€Mr.€Biggs's€specialized€knowledge€of€the€inner€workings€of€automobiles.€€Mr.€WilliamsÐ ô‚ Ðwould€not€have€been€able,€through€his€own€abilities,€to€ascertain€whether€his€transmission€was€in€fact€atÐ î| Ðrisk€of€failure,€or€whether€another€particular€car€part€could€minimize€that€risk.€€The€fact,€discovered€byÐ èv ÐMission€Dodge,€that€Mr.€Biggs€did€not€in€fact€repair€Mr.€Williams'€transmission€but€merely€put€it€backÐ âp Ðinto€the€car,€shows€that€the€transmission€was€not€in€fact€at€risk€of€failure,€or€in€need€of€an€extra€part,€andÐ Üj Ðtherefore€Mr.€Biggs€made€these€statements€with€knowledge€of€their€falsity€and€intent€to€deceive.€€Mr.Ð Öd ÐWilliams€relied€upon€the€first€statement€in€agreeing€to€have€Mr.€Biggs€repair€his€transmission.€Thus,€thisÐ Ð ^ Ðstatement€will€support€a€cause€of€action€for€fraud.€€However,€the€statement€that€"it€would€help€if€weÐ Ê!X Ðinstalled€an€extra€cooler,"€will€not€support€an€action€for€fraud€because€Mr.€Williams€declined€theÐ Ä"R Ðinstallation€of€this€part€and€was€not€charged€for€it;€therefore€he€did€not€rely€on€this€statement€and€sustainÐ ¾#L Ðdamages€because€of€it.Ð ¸$F ÐÔ#†XpXX!XpÓS#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÌII.€€Statement€of€promise€made€with€no€present€intent€to€performÐ ¬&: ! ÐÌà  àA.€The€Fourth€Statement:€"I€guarantee€the€job."ó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp4Z#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ  (."# Ðà  àà ` àÌà  àThe€Court€of€Appeals€has€held€that€"when€[a]€promise€is€made€with€no€intent€to€perform"€theÐ ”*"$% Ðpromisor€"has€misrepresented€his€present€intention,€which€would€be€a€misrepresentation€of€fact"€and€theÐ Ž+%& Ðrepresentation€or€promise€is€therefore€actionable€as€fraud.€€When€Mr.€Biggs€stated€to€Mr.€Williams,€"IÐ r Ðguarantee€the€job,"€this€was€a€promise€made€with€no€present€intent€to€perform.€€Mr.€Biggs€had€noÐ lú Ðpresent€intention€of€giving€Mr.€Williams€a€guarantee€on€the€work€performed€on€Mr.€Williams€car,Ð fô Ðbecause€Mr.€Biggs€had€already€prepared€for€Mr.€Williams€a€receipt€stamped€with€the€words€"NoÐ ` î ÐGuarantee."€€Mr.€Biggs€spoke€his€words€of€promise€after€he€had€already€given€Mr.€Williams€the€receiptÐ Z è Ðstating€Mr.€Biggs€intent€to€honor€no€guarantee€of€the€job.€€Ð T â Ðà  àHowever,€although€this€statement€is€a€misrepresentation€it€does€not€support€a€cause€of€actionÐ N Ü Ðfor€fraud€because€Mr.€Williams€did€not€rely€upon€it€to€his€detriment.€€Mr.€Biggs€spoke€these€words€asÐ H Ö ÐWilliams€was€leaving€the€shop,€after€he€had€already€paid€the€bill.€€Mr.€Williams€therefore€could€not€haveÐ BÐ Ðrelied€upon€Mr.€Biggs'€purported€promise€that€the€work€would€be€"guaranteed"€in€making€his€decisionÐ <Ê  Ðto€pay€for€the€work.€€Therefore,€this€statement€will€not€support€a€cause€of€action€for€fraud.Ð 6Ä  ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xp [#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔIII.€€Annex:€Causes€of€ActionÐ *¸  ÐÌCount€I:€Fraudó óÔ#†XpXX!Xpwa#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ ¬  ÐÌ1.€€Mr.€Biggs,€the€owner€of€a€automotive€repair€shop,€told€Mr.€Williams€that€Mr.€Biggs€"had€checkedÐ   Ðand€found€a€notification€from€Dodge€about€a€defect€[€in€cars€of€the€model€owned€by€Mr.€WilliamsÐ  š Ðcausing€the€gears€to€grind€down."Ð ” ÐÌ2.€Mr.€Biggs€made€this€statement€with€knowledge€that€it€was€false.Ð úˆ ÐÌ3.€Mr.€Biggs€made€this€statement€with€the€intent€to€deceive€Mr.€Williams€into€paying€Mr.€Biggs'€repairÐ î| Ðshop€to€examine€and€repair€the€transmission€in€Mr.€Williams'€car.Ð èv ÐÌ4.€In€reliance€of€Mr.€Biggs'€statement,€Mr.€Williams,€who€had€no€independent€access€to€auto€repairÐ Üj Ðnotices€circulated€by€Dodge,€paid€Mr.€Biggs'€repair€shop€to€examine€and€repair€the€transmission€in€Mr.Ð Öd ÐWilliams€car.Ð Ð ^ ÐÌ5.€As€a€result€of€his€reliance€on€Mr.€Biggs'€false€statement,€Mr.€Williams€lost€the€money€heÐ Ä"R Ðunnecessarily€paid€to€have€his€car€examined€and€repaired€by€Mr.€Biggs'€repair€shopÐ ¾#L ÐÌÔ#†XpXX!Xpýa#Ôò òÔ‡!XpXXXpÔCount€II:€Fraudó óÔ#†XpXX!Xp“f#ÔÔ‡!XpXXXpÔÐ ²%@  ÐÌ1.€€Mr.€Biggs,€the€owner€of€a€automotive€repair€shop,€told€Mr.€Williams€after€conducting€an€inspectionÐ ¦'4!" Ðof€Mr.€Williams'€car,€€"Your€transmission€is€going€to€fail,€and€soon!"Ð  (."# ÐÌ2.€Mr.€Biggs€made€this€statement€with€knowledge€that€it€was€false.Ð ”*"$% ÐÐ Ž+%& Ð3.€Mr.€Biggs€made€this€statement€with€the€intent€to€deceive€Mr.€Williams€into€paying€Mr.€Biggs'€repairÐ r Ðshop€to€examine€and€repair€the€transmission€in€Mr.€Williams'€car.Ð lú ÐÌ4.€In€reliance€of€Mr.€Biggs'€statement,€Mr.€Williams,€who€had€no€independent€ability€to€inspect€his€ownÐ ` î Ðcar€and€determine€whether€the€transmission€was€at€risk€of€failure,€paid€Mr.€Biggs'€repair€shop€toÐ Z è Ðexamine€and€repair€the€transmission€in€Mr.€Williams€car.Ð T â ÐÌ5.€As€a€result€of€his€reliance€on€Mr.€Biggs'€false€statement,€Mr.€Williams€lost€the€money€heÐ H Ö Ðunnecessarily€paid€to€have€his€car€examined€and€repaired€by€Mr.€Biggs'€repair€shopÐ BÐ ÐÔ#†XpXX!Xpçf#Ô